A few months ago, I set myself the challenge of writing a C compiler in 500 lines of Python1, after writing my SDF donut post. How hard could it be? The answer was, pretty hard, even when dropping quite a few features. But it was also pretty interesting, and the result is surprisingly functional and not too hard to understand! There's too much code for me to comprehensively cover in a single blog
Turing Machines
ALAN M. TURING 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954 F | | P(T) R P(u) R P(r) R P(i) R P(n) R P(g) R P( ) R P(M) R P(a) R P(c) R P(h) R P(i) R P(n) R P(e) R P(s) R -> B B | | L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) -> F 2024-12-20 Translations: English, Spanish In 1928, David Hilbert, one of the most influential mathematicians of his time, aske
Over the course of my Spring 2020 semester at Harvey Mudd College, I developed a self-hosting compiler entirely from scratch. This article walks through many interesting parts of the project. It’s laid out so you can just read from beginning to end, but if you’re more interested in a particular topic, feel free to jump there. Or, take a look at the project on GitHub. Table of contents What the pro
Abstract: This article chronicles how two commercial TV stations in Toyama Prefecture exposed deep links between politicians and the Unification Church. It discusses how a local community of investigative journalists with close ties to adherents and politicians revealed ways the church and lawmakers cooperated on electioneering and policymaking, and it analyzes how their exposés were taken up in n
Patterns for Building LLM-based Systems & Products [ llm engineering production 🔥 ] · 66 min read Discussions on HackerNews, Twitter, and LinkedIn “There is a large class of problems that are easy to imagine and build demos for, but extremely hard to make products out of. For example, self-driving: It’s easy to demo a car self-driving around a block, but making it into a product takes a decade.”
The Go Programming Language and Environment – Communications of the ACM
Go is a programming language created at Google in late 2007 and released as open source in November 2009. Since then, it has operated as a public project, with contributions from thousands of individuals and dozens of companies. Go has become a popular language for building cloud infrastructure: Docker, a Linux container manager, and Kubernetes, a container deployment system, are core cloud techno
Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems With Language Models
Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models Aitor Lewkowycz∗, Anders Andreassen†, David Dohan†, Ethan Dyer†, Henryk Michalewski†, Vinay Ramasesh†, Ambrose Slone, Cem Anil, Imanol Schlag, Theo Gutman-Solo, Yuhuai Wu, Behnam Neyshabur∗, Guy Gur-Ari∗, and Vedant Misra∗ Google Research Abstract Language models have achieved remarkable performance on a wide range of tasks that require
Grant Handy
Written 2023-02-24Learn about simple ray casting and discover some fun math by creating a tiny 2KB game with Rust & WebAssembly. IntroductionOn first glance, making a first person game without an engine or a graphics API seems like an almost impossible task. In this post I'll show you how to do that using a simple variant of a method called ray casting. My goal here is to show how something that l
Make Something WonderfulSteve Jobs in his own wordsThere’s lots of ways to be, as a person. And some people express their deep appreciation in different ways. But one of the ways that I believe people express their appreciation to the rest of humanity is to make something wonderful and put it out there. And you never meet the people. You never shake their hands. You never hear their story or tell
prompts.chat
Welcome to the “Awesome ChatGPT Prompts” repository! While this collection was originally created for ChatGPT, these prompts work great with other AI models like Claude, Gemini, Hugging Face Chat, Llama, Mistral, and more. ChatGPT is a web interface created by OpenAI that provides access to their GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) language models. The underlying models, like GPT-4o and GPT-o
Linux/4004 Slowly booting full Linux on the intel 4004 for fun, art, and absolutely no profit TL;DR I booted Debian Linux on a 4-bit intel microprocessor from 1971 - the first microprocessor in the world - the 4004. It is not fast, but it is a real Linux kernel with a Debian rootfs on a real board whose only CPU is a real intel 4004 from the 1970s. The video is sped up at variable rates to demonst
"},"dump":{"kind":"string","value":"CC-MAIN-2013-20"},"url":{"kind":"string","value":"http://%20jwashington@ap.org/Content/Press-Release/2012/How-AP-reported-in-all-formats-from-tornado-stricken-regions"},"date":{"kind":"string","value":"2013-05-18T05:48:54Z"},"file_path":{"kind":"string","value":"s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-
Understanding the core class design and usage via its evolution Years ago, my studies into the Ruby Evolution started with the persuasion that mastering the programming language to express one’s intentions clearly and efficiently may grow significantly by understanding how it evolved and what intentions were put behind its various elements. Moving back through the history of a change of some eleme
research!rsc: Programming Language Memory Models (Memory Models, Part 2)
Programming language memory models answer the question of what behaviors parallel programs can rely on to share memory between their threads. For example, consider this program in a C-like language, where both x and done start out zeroed. // Thread 1 // Thread 2 x = 1; while(done == 0) { /* loop */ } done = 1; print(x); The program attempts to send a message in x from thread 1 to thread 2, using d
Type Parameters Proposal
Ian Lance Taylor Robert Griesemer August 20, 2021 StatusThis is the design for adding generic programming using type parameters to the Go language. This design has been proposed and accepted as a future language change. We currently expect that this change will be available in the Go 1.18 release in early 2022. AbstractWe suggest extending the Go language to add optional type parameters to type an
Rust Language Cheat Sheet 26. August 2021 Contains clickable links to The Book , Rust by Example , Std Docs , Nomicon , Reference . Data Structures Data types and memory locations defined via keywords. Example Explanation struct S {} Define a struct with named fields. struct S { x: T } Define struct with named field x of type T. struct S (T); Define "tupled" struct with numbered field .0 of type
Plan 9 Desktop Guide
PLAN 9 DESKTOP GUIDE INDEX What is Plan 9? Limitations and Workarounds Connecting to Other Systems VNC RDP SSH 9P Other methods Porting Applications Emulating other Operating Systems Virtualizing other Operating Systems Basics Window Management Copy Pasting Essential Programs Manipulating Text in the Terminal Acme - The Do It All Application Multiple Workspaces Tiling Windows Plumbing System Admin
Introduction to Free Monads
If you’ve been around Haskell circles for a bit, you’ve probably seen the term “free monads”. This article introduces free monads and explain why they are useful in Haskell development. To whet your appetite a little, free monads are basically a way to easily get a generic pure Monad instance for any Functor. This can be rather useful in many cases when you’re dealing with tree-like structures, bu
The Principles of Deep Learning Theory An Effective Theory Approach to Understanding Neural Networks Daniel A. Roberts and Sho Yaida based on research in collaboration with Boris Hanin drob@mit.edu, shoyaida@fb.com ii Contents Preface vii 0 Initialization 1 0.1 An Effective Theory Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0.2 The Theoretical Minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jailbreaking RabbitOS: Uncovering Secret Logs, and GPL Violations | Blog
Welcome to my ::'########::'##::::::::'#######:::'######::: :: ##.... ##: ##:::::::'##.... ##:'##... ##:: :: ##:::: ##: ##::::::: ##:::: ##: ##:::..::: :: ########:: ##::::::: ##:::: ##: ##::'####: :: ##.... ##: ##::::::: ##:::: ##: ##::: ##:: :: ##:::: ##: ##::::::: ##:::: ##: ##::: ##:: :: ########:: ########:. #######::. ######::: ::........:::........:::.......::::......:::: CTF writeups, prog
Following up from the last post, there is a lot more we need to cover. This was intended to be the post where we talk exclusively about benchmarks and numbers. But, I have unfortunately been perfectly taunted and status-locked, like a monster whose “aggro” was pulled by a tank. The reason, of course, is due to a few folks taking issue with my outright dismissal of the C and C++ APIs (and not showi
Computers aren’t random. On the contrary, hardware designers work very hard to make sure computers run every program the same way every time. So when a program does need random numbers, that requires extra effort. Traditionally, computer scientists and programming languages have distinguished between two different kinds of random numbers: statistical and cryptographic randomness. In Go, those are
Can we currently reason about Rust code with absolute certainty? Not really, but we should be able to. In this article, we dive into the reasons why it may be time for a Rust specification. A simple C++ questionIf you know a little bit of C++: can you tell me what the output of the following program is? #include <stdio.h> struct Foo { ~Foo() { puts("Goodbye!"); } // runs when Foo is destructed };
Table of Contents Handy tools for our Plugin System Async with the C ABI LCCC Safer FFI CGlue Miri cbindgen Working with abi_stable Versioning Loading plugins Handling state Regular Rust Interface types Trait objects Error handling Version mismatch Missing fields and wrong types Panicking Panicking and FFI Aborting C-unwind AbortBomb Recovering with catch_unwind Type conversions Thread safety Perf
Funny Programming Languages
January 19, 2023 Funny Programming Languages One of the weirdest and most wonderful things about people is that they can make a joke out of anything. For any human discipline there's people making jokes about that discipline. In programming, that starts with memes like "how do I exit vim" (as typified in places like r/programmerhumor), or funny examples of awful code (such as from TheDailyWTF).1 T
Exhaustive Union Matching in Python - Preferred Networks Research & Development
Pattern matching on algebraic data types is a powerful technique to process a given input and many programming languages have adopted it in one way or another. A check on whether a given match is “exhaustive”, i.e., covers all possible inputs, is helpful to avoid bugs when the set of possible inputs is extended; for example, when new enumeration values are added. In this blog post I will first bri
xv6: a simple, Unix-like teaching operating system Russ Cox Frans Kaashoek Robert Morris September 6, 2021 2 Contents 1 Operating system interfaces 9 1.1 Processes and memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.2 I/O and File descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3 Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Merry Christmas! Back from the mission, first semester at MIT is in the books! Now I am at home, with family, on a break from school. A couple days ago, I was telling my younger brother how cool Zig (the programming language) was. He was like, “if Zig is so cool, why don’t you … like, use it?” Oof. So I installed Zig, pulled in some neat bindings for raylib, and spent the afternoon writing a littl
Renato Athaydes
Revisiting Prechelt’s paper and follow-ups comparing Java, Lisp, C/C++ and scripting languages A discussion on programming languages' impact on productivity and program efficiency. In 1999, Lutz Prechelt published a seminal article on the COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM (October 1999/Vol. 42, No. 10) called Comparing Java vs. C/C++ Efficiency Differences to Interpersonal Differences, henceforth Java VS
Combobulate: Structured Movement and Editing with Tree-Sitter
Combobulate: Structured Movement and Editing with Tree-Sitter Combobulate is a package that adds advanced structured editing and movement to many programming modes in Emacs. Here's how it works, and how it can enrich your editing experience in Emacs. About a year ago I released an alpha – prototype, really – version of a tool I call Combobulate. I’d been using it personally for a while before I le
A Behavioral Notion of Subtyping BARBARAH. LISKOV MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and JEAN NETTE M. WING Carnegie Mellon University The use of hierarchy is unimportant component of object-oriented design. Hierarchy allows the use oft ype families, in which higher level supert ypes capt ure the behavior that all of their subt ypes havein common. Forthis methodology to beeffective, itisnecessary
At Valyent, we are building open-source software for developers. And email, among others, is a subject that haunted us for a while. So we decided to learn as much as we can on the subject, in a hurry. Email infrastructure relies on several key protocols, with the most important being: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending and receiving emails between mail servers. IMAP (Internet M
Update (2022-05-30): danielhenrymantilla recently released a crate, nougat, which provides a proc macro that allows you to use the technique presented in this article with the same syntax as regular GATs. I encourage you to check it out! Where real GATs fall shortGATs are an unstable feature of Rust, likely to be stabilized in the next few versions, that allow you to add generic parameters on asso
A review of _Accelerate: The Science of Lean Software and DevOps_ - Keunwoo Lee's Minimum Viable Homepage
Keunwoo Lee's Minimum Viable Homepage A review of Accelerate: The Science of Lean Software and DevOps 2022-06-07 Summary N. Forsgren, J. Humble, G. Kim. Accelerate: The Science of Lean Software and DevOps: Building and Scaling High Performing Technology Organizations. IT Revolution Press, 2018. Accelerate is an influential book of advice for building and delivering software. I’m a practicing softw
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Writing a C compiler in 500 lines of Python
Kalyn: a self-hosting compiler for x86-64
The Abe Assassination, the Unification Church, and Local Media: A Case Study of Journalism in Toyama Prefecture - Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
Patterns for Building LLM-based Systems & Products
Make Something Wonderful | Steve Jobs
Linux/4004 - Dmitry.GR
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb · Datasets at Hugging Face
How it became like this? Ruby Range class
https://cheats.rs/rust_cheat_sheet.pdf
https://deeplearningtheory.com/PDLT.pdf
cuneicode, and the Future of Text in C
Secure Randomness in Go 1.22 - The Go Programming Language
Rust needs an official specification - Blog - Tweede golf
Plugins in Rust: Reducing the Pain with Dependencies
xv6: a simple, Unix-like teaching operating system
One day with Zig, Raylib, and jj — Isaac Clayton
A behavioral notion of subtyping
Build Your Own SMTP Server in Go
The Better Alternative to Lifetime GATs