A few months ago, I set myself the challenge of writing a C compiler in 500 lines of Python1, after writing my SDF donut post. How hard could it be? The answer was, pretty hard, even when dropping quite a few features. But it was also pretty interesting, and the result is surprisingly functional and not too hard to understand! There's too much code for me to comprehensively cover in a single blog
Parsing SQL - Strumenta
The code for this tutorial is on GitHub: parsing-sql SQL is a language to handle data in a relational database. If you worked with data you have probably worked with SQL. In this article we will talk about parsing SQL. It is in the same league of HTML: maybe you never learned it formally but you kind of know how to use it. That is great because if you know SQL, you know how to handle data. However
syntaxdesign
One of the most recognizable features of a languages is its syntax. What are some of the things about syntax that matter? What questions might you ask if you were creating a syntax for your own language? Motivation A programming language gives us a way structure our thoughts. Each program, has a kind of internal structure, for example: How can we capture this structure? One way is directly, via pi
Note: I received a lot of great feedback from the discussions at Mastodon and Hacker News, so I've updated the post with some improvements to the font! I've also added some further examples and acknowledgements at the end. Syntax Highlighting in Hand-Coded Websites The problem I have been trying to identify practical reasons why hand-coding websites with HTML and CSS is so hard (by hand-coding, I
I thought it would be fun to go outside of my comfort zone of web development topics and write about something completely different and new, something I have never written about before. So today, I'm going to show you how to implement a programming language! The project will parse and execute programs written in a simple language I called my (I know it's a lame name, but hey, it is "my" language).
Over the course of my Spring 2020 semester at Harvey Mudd College, I developed a self-hosting compiler entirely from scratch. This article walks through many interesting parts of the project. It’s laid out so you can just read from beginning to end, but if you’re more interested in a particular topic, feel free to jump there. Or, take a look at the project on GitHub. Table of contents What the pro
Patterns for Building LLM-based Systems & Products [ llm engineering production 🔥 ] · 66 min read Discussions on HackerNews, Twitter, and LinkedIn “There is a large class of problems that are easy to imagine and build demos for, but extremely hard to make products out of. For example, self-driving: It’s easy to demo a car self-driving around a block, but making it into a product takes a decade.”
The Go Programming Language and Environment – Communications of the ACM
Go is a programming language created at Google in late 2007 and released as open source in November 2009. Since then, it has operated as a public project, with contributions from thousands of individuals and dozens of companies. Go has become a popular language for building cloud infrastructure: Docker, a Linux container manager, and Kubernetes, a container deployment system, are core cloud techno
Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems With Language Models
Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models Aitor Lewkowycz∗, Anders Andreassen†, David Dohan†, Ethan Dyer†, Henryk Michalewski†, Vinay Ramasesh†, Ambrose Slone, Cem Anil, Imanol Schlag, Theo Gutman-Solo, Yuhuai Wu, Behnam Neyshabur∗, Guy Gur-Ari∗, and Vedant Misra∗ Google Research Abstract Language models have achieved remarkable performance on a wide range of tasks that require
The Andrej Karpathy episode. Andrej explains why reinforcement learning is terrible (but everything else is much worse), why model collapse prevents LLMs from learning the way humans do, why AGI will just blend into the previous ~2.5 centuries of 2% GDP growth, why self driving took so long to crack, and what he sees as the future of education. Watch on YouTube; listen on Apple Podcasts or Spotify
This article was discussed on Hacker News. This is a continuation of my last post on how to write a tree-sitter grammar in an afternoon. Building on the grammar we wrote, now we’re going to write a linter for Imp, and it’s even easier! The final result clocks in less than 60 SLOC and can be found here. Recall that tree-sitter is an incremental parser generator. That is, you give it a description o
arXiv:2506.12115v1 [cs.CL] 13 Jun 2025 Eliciting Reasoning in Language Models with Cognitive Tools Brown Ebouky IBM Research - Zurich ETH Zurich Brown.Ebouky@ibm.com Andrea Bartezzaghi IBM Research - Zurich abt@zurich.ibm.com Mattia Rigotti IBM Research - Zurich mrg@zurich.ibm.com Abstract The recent advent of reasoning models like OpenAI’s o1 was met with excited spec- ulation by the AI community
こんにちは、R&Dチームの齋藤（@aznhe21）です。 今日はオプティムの創立記念パーティーがオンラインで行われます。 オプティムは2000/6/8に設立され、去年は20周年の節目であったにも関わらず生憎の時制で大きく祝えませんでしたが、 今年は準備も万全、盛大にお祝いしたいと思います。 さて、本日、日本時間6/18(金)、Rust 1.53がリリースされました。 この記事ではRust 1.53での変更点を詳しく紹介します。 6/18は京大の前身・京都帝国大学創立の日 ピックアップ 識別子にASCII以外の文字も使えるようになった ORパターンが使えるようになった 配列にIntoIteratorが実装された 安定化されたAPIのドキュメント AtomicBool::fetch_update サンプル AtomicPtr::fetch_update サンプル BTreeMap::retai
Introduction Some part of me has always been fascinated with coercing code to run in weird places. I scratch this itch a lot with my security research projects. These often lead me to writing shellcode to run in kernels or embedded hardware, sometimes with the only way being through an existing bug. For those not familiar, shellcode is honestly hard to describe. I don’t know if there’s a very form
Engineering Trade-Offs in Automatic Differentiation: from TensorFlow and PyTorch to Jax and Julia - Stochastic Lifestyle
December 25 2021 in Julia, Programming, Science, Scientific ML | Tags: automatic differentiation, compilers, differentiable programming, jax, julia, machine learning, pytorch, tensorflow, XLA | Author: Christopher Rackauckas To understand the differences between automatic differentiation libraries, let’s talk about the engineering trade-offs that were made. I would personally say that none of thes
When you work on your computer, there are so many things you take for granted: operating systems, programming languages, they all have to come from somewhere. In the late 1960s and 1970s, that somewhere was Bell Labs, and the operating system they were building was UNIX. They were building more than just an operating system though. They were building a way to work with computers that had never exi
Try Mastering Emacs for free! Are you struggling with the basics? Have you mastered movement and editing yet? When you have read Mastering Emacs you will understand Emacs. It’s that time again: there’s a new major version of Emacs and, with it, a treasure trove of new features and changes. Notable features include the formal inclusion of native compilation, a technique that will greatly speed up y
Type Parameters Proposal
Ian Lance Taylor Robert Griesemer August 20, 2021 StatusThis is the design for adding generic programming using type parameters to the Go language. This design has been proposed and accepted as a future language change. We currently expect that this change will be available in the Go 1.18 release in early 2022. AbstractWe suggest extending the Go language to add optional type parameters to type an
Faster virtual machines: Speeding up programming language execution - Mort's Ramblings
Date: 2023-01-15 Git: https://gitlab.com/mort96/blog/blob/published/content/00000-home/00015-fast-interpreters.md In this post, I hope to explore how interpreters are often implemented, what a "virtual machine" means in this context, and how to make them faster. Note: This post will contain a lot of C source code. Most of it is fairly simple C which should be easy to follow, but some familiarity w
In this write-up, I will walk you through an implementation of a string formatting library for C++ I came up with for my video game. The end result came out really compact, at only 65 lines of code—providing a skeleton that can be supplemented with additional functionality at low cost. Usage Given a format buffer… char buffer[64]; String_Buffer buf = {str, sizeof str}; …the fmt::format function pr
A professional programmer delivers value through the authoring and maintaining of software that solves problems. (There are other important ways for professional programmers to deliver value but this post is about programming.) Programmers rely on various tools to author software. Arguably the most important and consequential choice of tool is the programming language. In this post, I will articul
Plan 9 Desktop Guide
PLAN 9 DESKTOP GUIDE INDEX What is Plan 9? Limitations and Workarounds Connecting to Other Systems VNC RDP SSH 9P Other methods Porting Applications Emulating other Operating Systems Virtualizing other Operating Systems Basics Window Management Copy Pasting Essential Programs Manipulating Text in the Terminal Acme - The Do It All Application Multiple Workspaces Tiling Windows Plumbing System Admin
Rust in Perspective
We are discussing and working toward adding the language Rust as a second implementation language in the Linux kernel. A year ago Jake Edge made an excellent summary of the discussions so far on Rust for the Linux kernel and we (or rather Miguel and Wedson) have made further progress since then. For the record I think this is overall a good idea and worth a try. I wanted to add some background tha
Introducing Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics Studio – Quickly Interact with Streaming Data Using SQL, Python, or Scala | Amazon Web Services
AWS News Blog Introducing Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics Studio – Quickly Interact with Streaming Data Using SQL, Python, or Scala The best way to get timely insights and react quickly to new information you receive from your business and your applications is to analyze streaming data. This is data that must usually be processed sequentially and incrementally on a record-by-record basis or over sli
Over the past decade, my work has centred on partnering with teams to build ambitious products for the web across both desktop and mobile. This has provided a ring-side seat to a sweeping variety of teams, products, and technology stacks across more than 100 engagements. While I'd like to be spending most of this time working through improvements to web APIs, the majority of time spent with partne
New – Use Amazon S3 Object Lambda with Amazon CloudFront to Tailor Content for End Users | Amazon Web Services
AWS News Blog New – Use Amazon S3 Object Lambda with Amazon CloudFront to Tailor Content for End Users With S3 Object Lambda, you can use your own code to process data retrieved from Amazon S3 as it is returned to an application. Over time, we added new capabilities to S3 Object Lambda, like the ability to add your own code to S3 HEAD and LIST API requests, in addition to the support for S3 GET re
Why APL is a language worth knowing
“A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing.”, by Alan J. Perlis. Why APL is a language worth knowing Alan Perlis, the computer scientist recipient of the first Turing award, wrote “A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing.” ― Alan J. Perlis, 1982. Special feature: Epigrams on programming. ACM Sigplan Not
Exhaustive Union Matching in Python - Preferred Networks Research & Development
Pattern matching on algebraic data types is a powerful technique to process a given input and many programming languages have adopted it in one way or another. A check on whether a given match is “exhaustive”, i.e., covers all possible inputs, is helpful to avoid bugs when the set of possible inputs is extended; for example, when new enumeration values are added. In this blog post I will first bri
Renato Athaydes
Revisiting Prechelt’s paper and follow-ups comparing Java, Lisp, C/C++ and scripting languages A discussion on programming languages' impact on productivity and program efficiency. In 1999, Lutz Prechelt published a seminal article on the COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM (October 1999/Vol. 42, No. 10) called Comparing Java vs. C/C++ Efficiency Differences to Interpersonal Differences, henceforth Java VS
Release date: July 9, 2025 Update 1.102.1: The update addresses these issues. Update 1.102.2: The update addresses these issues. Update 1.102.3: The update addresses these issues. Downloads: Windows: x64 Arm64 | Mac: Universal Intel silicon | Linux: deb rpm tarball Arm snap Welcome to the June 2025 release of Visual Studio Code. There are many updates in this version that we hope you'll like, some
Combobulate: Structured Movement and Editing with Tree-Sitter
Combobulate: Structured Movement and Editing with Tree-Sitter Combobulate is a package that adds advanced structured editing and movement to many programming modes in Emacs. Here's how it works, and how it can enrich your editing experience in Emacs. About a year ago I released an alpha – prototype, really – version of a tool I call Combobulate. I’d been using it personally for a while before I le
Last month the V8 team published an excellent blog post on what they call the V8 Sandbox. This isn’t a sandbox for your JavaScript code — it’s intended to mitigate browser exploits caused by bugs in the JIT compiler itself. That’s important work because they report that most Chrome exploits start with a V8 memory safety bug. V8 is written in C++, so it may seem like these are the sort of bugs you’
2022 has seen many languages created to rival C++. Lucian Radu Teodorescu reports on the current state of the art. C++ is a peculiar programming language. It is one of the most used programming languages, and yet it is one of the most criticised. According to TIOBE index [TIOBE22], for 30 years, C++ has been in the top 4 programming languages (using a 12-month average). See also Figure 1 (the TIOB
Django for Startup Founders: A better software architecture for SaaS startups and consumer apps
In an ideal world, startups would be easy. We'd run our idea by some potential customers, build the product, and then immediately ride that sweet exponential growth curve off into early retirement. Of course it doesn't actually work like that. Not even a little. In real life, even startups that go on to become billion-dollar companies typically go through phases like: Having little or no growth fo
C++ safety, in context
Scope. To talk about C++’s current safety problems and solutions well, I need to include the context of the broad landscape of security and safety threats facing all software. I chair the ISO C++ standards committee and I work for Microsoft, but these are my personal opinions and I hope they will invite more dialog across programming language and security communities. Acknowledgments. Many thanks
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Writing a C compiler in 500 lines of Python
Font with Built-In Syntax Highlighting
Building a Toy Programming Language in Python
Kalyn: a self-hosting compiler for x86-64
Patterns for Building LLM-based Systems & Products
Andrej Karpathy — AGI is still a decade away
How to write a linter using tree-sitter in an hour
Eliciting Reasoning in Language Models with Cognitive Tools
Rust 1.53を早めに深掘り - OPTiM TECH BLOG
Rust on MIPS64 Windows NT 4.0
The Birth of UNIX - CoRecursive Podcast
What's New in Emacs 28.1?
A string formatting library in 65 lines of C++
Gregory Szorc's Digital Home | Rust is for Professionals
If Not React, Then What? - Infrequently Noted
June 2025 (version 1.102)
Writing Truly Memory Safe JIT Compilers
The Year of C++ Successor Languages