1. Nunokawa (2010) Nunokawa, K. (2010). Multiplication: introduction, 日本数学教育学会誌, No.92, Vol.11, pp.122-123. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110007994852 Students are required to clearly distinguish between multiplicands and multipliers at this stage because this distinction helps them understand the meaning of multiplication. Teachers pay attention to whether their students understand that multiplicands