. . . . . . . ( ) 1 / 1 ( ) 2 / 1 (logic)( ) Oxford Dictionary “The science of reasoning, proof, thinking, or inference.” ( ) 3 / 1 {0, 1} ( ) 4 / 1 — — — — ( ) 5 / 1 LK ( ) 6 / 1 . .. 1 . .. 2 ( ) 7 / 1 1. ad-hoc . ( ) 8 / 1 2. Proof Carrying Code ( ) 9 / 1 . . . . . . . . . Brouwer Bishop A∧B A B A B A∨B A B A B A⊃B A B A B ( ) 10 / 1 . . . . . . . . . P A ⇐⇒P A A∧B A B ⇐⇒ A × B A B A∨B A B ⇐⇒ A