December 1, 2016 Volume 14, issue 5 PDF BBR: Congestion-Based Congestion Control Measuring bottleneck bandwidth and round-trip propagation time Neal Cardwell, Yuchung Cheng, C. Stephen Gunn, Soheil Hassas Yeganeh, Van Jacobson By all accounts, today's Internet is not moving data as well as it should. Most of the world's cellular users experience delays of seconds to minutes; public Wi-Fi in airpor
September 1, 2010 Volume 8, issue 9 PDF Thinking Clearly about Performance Improving the performance of complex software is difficult, but understanding some fundamental principles can make it easier. Cary Millsap, Method R Corporation When I joined Oracle Corporation in 1989, performance—what everyone called "Oracle tuning"—was difficult. Only a few people claimed they could do it very well, and
December 1, 2015 Volume 13, issue 8 PDF Challenges of Memory Management on Modern NUMA System Optimizing NUMA systems applications with Carrefour Fabien Gaud, Simon Fraser University Baptiste Lepers, CNRS Justin Funston, Simon Fraser University Mohammad Dashti, Simon Fraser University Alexandra Fedorova, University of British Columbia Vivien Quéma, Grenoble INP Renaud Lachaize, UJF Mark Roth, Simo
October 27, 2015 Volume 13, issue 8 PDF Fail at Scale Reliability in the face of rapid change Ben Maurer, Facebook Failure is part of engineering any large-scale system. One of Facebook's cultural values is embracing failure. This can be seen in the posters hung around the walls of our Menlo Park headquarters: "What Would You Do If You Weren't Afraid?" and "Fortune Favors the Bold." To keep Facebo
May 6, 2012 Volume 10, issue 5 PDF Controlling Queue Delay A modern AQM is just one piece of the solution to bufferbloat. Kathleen Nichols, Pollere Inc. Van Jacobson, PARC Nearly three decades after it was first diagnosed, the “persistently full buffer problem,” recently exposed as part of bufferbloat,6,7 is still with us and made increasingly critical by two trends. First, cheap memory and a “mor
July 1, 2015 Volume 13, issue 7 PDF Testing a Distributed System Testing a distributed system can be trying even under the best of circumstances. Philip Maddox Distributed systems can be especially difficult to program, for a variety of reasons. They can be difficult to design, difficult to manage, and, above all, difficult to test. Testing a normal system can be trying even under the best of circ
July 23, 2014 Volume 12, issue 7 PDF The Network is Reliable An informal survey of real-world communications failures Peter Bailis, UC Berkeley Kyle Kingsbury, Jepsen Networks "The network is reliable" tops Peter Deutsch's classic list, "Eight fallacies of distributed computing" (https://blogs.oracle.com/jag/resource/Fallacies.html), "all [of which] prove to be false in the long run and all [of wh
June 2, 2013 Volume 11, issue 5 PDF Proving the Correctness of Nonblocking Data Structures Nonblocking synchronization can yield astonishing results in terms of scalability and realtime response, but at the expense of verification state space. Mathieu Desnoyers, EfficiOS So you've decided to use a nonblocking data structure, and now you need to be certain of its correctness. How can this be achiev
June 11, 2013 Volume 11, issue 5 PDF Nonblocking Algorithms and Scalable Multicore Programming Exploring some alternatives to lock-based synchronization Samy Al Bahra, AppNexus Real-world systems with complicated quality-of-service guarantees may require a delicate balance between throughput and latency to meet operating requirements in a cost-efficient manner. The increasing availability and decr
January 23, 2013 Volume 11, issue 1 PDF Hazy: Making it Easier to Build and Maintain Big-data Analytics Racing to unleash the full potential of big data with the latest statistical and machine-learning techniques. Arun Kumar, Feng Niu, and Christopher Ré, Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison The rise of big data presents both big opportunities and big challenges in doma
Weathering the Unexpected Failures happen, and resilience drills help organizations prepare for them. Kripa Krishnan, Google Whether it is a hurricane blowing down power lines, a volcanic-ash cloud grounding all flights for a continent, or a humble rodent gnawing through underground fibers—the unexpected happens. We cannot do much to prevent it, but there is a lot we can do to be prepared for it.
October 17, 2012 Volume 10, issue 10 PDF Anatomy of a Solid-state Drive While the ubiquitous SSD shares many features with the hard-disk drive, under the surface they are completely different. Michael Cornwell, Pure Storage Over the past several years, a new type of storage device has entered laptops and data centers, fundamentally changing expectations regarding the power, size, and performance d
April 6, 2012 Volume 10, issue 4 PDF CPU DB: Recording Microprocessor History With this open database, you can mine microprocessor trends over the past 40 years. Andrew Danowitz, Kyle Kelley, James Mao, John P. Stevenson, Mark Horowitz, Stanford University In November 1971, Intel introduced the world’s first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004. It had 2,300 transistors, ran at a clock speed
May 28, 2010 Volume 8, issue 5 PDF Visualizing System Latency Heat maps are a unique and powerful way to visualize latency data. Explaining the results, however, is an ongoing challenge. Brendan Gregg, Oracle When I/O latency is presented as a visual heat map, some intriguing and beautiful patterns can emerge. These patterns provide insight into how a system is actually performing and what kinds o
December 20, 2011 Volume 9, issue 12 PDF Advances and Challenges in Log Analysis Logs contain a wealth of information for help in managing systems. Adam Oliner, UC Berkeley; Archana Ganapathi, Splunk; Wei Xu, Google Computer-system logs provide a glimpse into the states of a running system. Instrumentation occasionally generates short messages that are collected in a system-specific log. The conte
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