Montague Semantics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Mon Nov 7, 2011; substantive revision Wed Apr 14, 2021 Montague semantics is a theory of natural language semantics and of its relation with syntax. It was originally developed by the logician Richard Montague (1930–1971) and subsequently modified and extended by linguists, philosophers, and logicians. The most important features of the theory are its use of model theoretic semanti
Philosophy of Linguistics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Wed Sep 21, 2011; substantive revision Wed Mar 2, 2022 Philosophy of linguistics is the philosophy of science as applied to linguistics. This differentiates it sharply from the philosophy of language, traditionally concerned with matters of meaning and reference. As with the philosophy of other special sciences, there are general topics relating to matters like methodology and expl
Presupposition (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Now consider the following example: (12) If there is a knave, then the knave stole the tarts. Let’s ignore all presupposition triggers in (12) save “the knave”, and show that Strong Kleene predicts that the sentence as a whole does not presuppose that there is a knave. Using Definition 1, it suffices to find at least one model where (12) has a classical truth value, but in which there is no knave.
Sentence Connectives in Formal Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Tue May 4, 2010; substantive revision Tue Jan 28, 2020 Natural language sentence-linking words (like “and”, “or”) have traditionally had aspects of their use simulated by corresponding connectives in various systems of formal logic. (In fact we use the word “connective” more generously, so that there don’t have to be two or more sentences linked, allowing us to consider the analogu
Theories of Meaning (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Tue Jan 26, 2010; substantive revision Thu Jun 27, 2019 The term “theory of meaning” has figured, in one way or another, in a great number of philosophical disputes over the last century. Unfortunately, this term has also been used to mean a great number of different things. In this entry, the focus is on two sorts of “theory of meaning”. The first sort of theory—a semantic theory—
Defaults in Semantics and Pragmatics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Fri Jun 30, 2006; substantive revision Wed May 18, 2022 ‘Default’ can mean many different things in theories of meaning. It is so not only because of the multiplicity of approaches and dimensions from which meaning can be studied but also due to the fact the theoretical landscape is changing swiftly and dynamically. First, there is the dimension of the ongoing debates concerning th
David Lewis (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Thu Jul 23, 2009; substantive revision Thu Nov 18, 2021 David Lewis (1941–2001) was one of the most important philosophers of the 20th Century. He made significant contributions to philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of science, decision theory, epistemology, meta-ethics and aesthetics. In most of these fields he is essential reading; in many of them he is
Quotation (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Sat Jul 16, 2005; substantive revision Wed Apr 19, 2023 Starting with Frege, the semantics (and pragmatics) of quotation has received a steady flow of attention over the last one hundred or so years. It has not, however, been subject to the same kind of intense debate and scrutiny as, for example, the semantics of definite descriptions or of propositional attitude verbs. Many philo
The Language of Thought Hypothesis (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Tue May 28, 2019; substantive revision Mon Oct 16, 2023 The language of thought hypothesis (LOTH) proposes that thinking occurs in a mental language. Often called Mentalese, the mental language resembles spoken language in several key respects: it contains words that can combine into sentences; the words and sentences are meaningful; and each sentence’s meaning depends in a systema
Logical Form (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Tue Oct 19, 1999; substantive revision Wed Sep 1, 2021 Some inferences are impeccable. Examples like (1–3) illustrate reasoning that cannot lead from true premises to false conclusions. (1) John danced if Mary sang, and Mary sang; so John danced. (2) Every politician is deceitful, and every senator is a politician; so every senator is deceitful. (3) The detective is in the garden;
Propositional Attitude Reports (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Wed Feb 16, 2000; substantive revision Thu Feb 14, 2019 Propositional attitude reporting sentences concern cognitive relations people bear to propositions. A paradigm example is the sentence ‘Jill believes that Jack broke his crown’. Arguably, ‘believes, ‘hopes’, and ‘knows’ are propositional attitude verb and, when followed by a clause that includes a full sentence expressing a pr
Reference (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Mon Jan 20, 2003; substantive revision Mon Feb 12, 2024 Reference is a relation that obtains between a variety of representational tokens and objects or properties. For instance, when I assert that “Barack Obama is a Democrat,” I use a particular sort of representational token—i.e. the name ‘Barack Obama’—which refers to a particular individual—i.e. Barack Obama. While names and ot
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Typelogical Grammar (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Intensional Transitive Verbs (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Structured Propositions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)