多民族国家における言語と国民形成
The languages of colonial rulers remain dominant in public life even after a colony achieves independence. English, French and Portuguese have been retained as the official languages in most of the Sub-Saharan African countries. The former colonial European language is proclaimed to be the only official language in 28 African countries. Even if African languages do become official languages, they
公共政策への経済的影響
This paper discusses economics effects of public policy in Japan by investigating recent attempts on fiscal structural reform, social security reform and tax reform. This paper emphasizes the economic constraints such as credibility, rational expectation, crowding out and commitment on various agents including consumers, firms and governments. I consider the political aspect of fiscal reconstructi
中国政府、香港・林鄭行政長官の更迭計画を策定中－ＦＴ
中国政府は香港の林鄭月娥（キャリー・ラム）行政長官を更迭し、代わりに「暫定」行政長官を置く計画を策定中だと、英紙フィナンシャル・タイムズ（ＦＴ）が報じた。この計画の説明を受けた匿名の関係者を引用して伝えた。 同紙によると、中国の習近平国家主席がこの計画の実行を決定すれば、後任の行政長官は来年３月までに就任し、林鄭長官の残りの任期を務める見込み。その後、次の任期５年について、行政長官にとどまるかどうかは不透明。 同紙は後任の有力候補として、香港金融管理局（ＨＫＭＡ）の陳徳霖（ノーマン・チャン）前総裁と唐英年（ヘンリー・タン）元政務官を挙げた。両氏にコメントを23日求めたが、いずれも現時点で答えていない。行政長官オフィスの報道官はＦＴ報道について、臆測にはコメントしないと回答した。 中国外務省の華春瑩報道官は北京で開いた23日の定例記者会見で、中央政府は林鄭長官を強く支持するとこれまでの立場を
金近忠彦講演「横浜高速道路60年史」
The role of a local government planner in unprecedented coordination work on the undergrounding of the motorway in the middle of Yokohama City Toshio Taguchi Akira Tamura, who subsequently became a renowned Japanese town planner, was assigned by Yokohama’s socialist mayor Asukata a difficult task to solve a tangled argument regarding the design type of the new motorway structure. Tamura joined the
語源capit (頭)の英単語の意味まとめ
この記事では語源capit（頭）に関連する英単語を紹介します。 目次から読みたい箇所をピックアップして読んでください。 achieve /ətʃíːv/ : 達成する achieveは「達成する」を意味し、語源はad(方向)とcaput(頭)に由来します。 原義はラテン語のad caput(頂上に達する)です。同義語はaccomplish, attain, fulfillです。 Achieve means “to successfully complete something”, the etymology comes from ad (direction) and caput (head). The original meaning is Latin ad caput (reaches the summit). Its synonyms are accomplish, attain, f
日本古代における村の性格
The geo-political structure of local administration in ancient Japan was hierarchically comprised of ri 里 (groupings of 50 households, later called go 郷), gun 郡 (comprised of between two and twenty ri), several of which comprised a kuni 国 (province). The research to date on the ancient village has argued that while village settlements (mura 村) were provided for in the legal codes of Tang China, no
宮の構造と政務運営法 : 内裏・朝堂院分離に関する一考察
One of the more important changes which occurred in the structural plan of various imperial palaces (including the Nara palace) in ancient Japan before the construction of the Nagaoka palace in 784 is the transformation from the straight line alignment of the tenno's residence (dairi 内裏), the great hall of government (dai-goku-den 大極殿) and the government ministries (chodoin 朝堂院) to an arrangement
キメク汗国と同様、パルティア帝国の日本語の文献がない、と栗原慎一郎氏が言及されていました。記事を英語で見つけましたので、のんびり訳していきたいと思います。 中国語では、安息国と表記されます。安禄山が有名ですが、ソグド系、突厥系の人々で、姓は安氏が多かったようです。 www.crystalinks.com アルサシッド帝国としても知られるパルティア帝国（紀元前247年-西暦224年）は、古代ペルシャにおけるイランの主要な政治的および文化的権力でした。後者の名前は、パルニ族の指導者として、紀元前３世紀半ばにイラン北東部のパルティア地方を征服し、その後セレウコス朝に反逆したサトラップ州を征圧したパルティアのアルサケス一世に由来します。 パルティアのミトラダテス1世（紀元前171〜138年）は、セレウコス朝からメディアとメソポタミアを奪取することで帝国を大きく拡大しました。パルティア帝国は、現在の
地方議員の立法活動
In Japan, local legislators often seem inactive and redundant. In fact, they introduce much fewer bills than local governors. However, why don't these local legislators devote themselves to legislative activities, especially introduction of bills? Using the panel data of 47 Japanese prefectural assemblies from 1967 to 2006, this study investigates the determinants of bill introduction by local leg
レジーム・セキュリティと国際制度
What types of characteristics do the diplomatic relationships of countries with unstable “regime security” exhibit? These are countries where the use of force is used to challenge the authority of the central government, for example, by means of revolution; civil war; or coup d' état. According to the existing literature, the argument that “when domestic governance within a country is unstable, th
ごぼう（鹿児島県鹿児島市）桜島〓
Days where you can feel the importance of agricultural promotion with your skin. Agriculture's the foundation and primary industry that supports us. Please forgive me even if the seasons shift a little, because I just want to tell you the process of agricultural products. Let's blow away the epidemic! Food is our future and continues to evolve. Agricultural crops are not just deals for trading. It
平安時代の不動穀
Movements of fudokoku 不動穀 (rice reserves) are one good indicator of the economy under the ritsuryo state. According to the conventional view, the Tenpyo 天平 era (729-749) has been considered the high of point of the Japanese ancient state based in part on the understanding that fudokoku stores accumulated to an amount equal to the 田租 (the rice tax on publically allocated land) for 30 years to come,
新型コロナワクチン接種開始 英国、カナダ、米国の比較 - 雨のち必ず晴れ . . . . . . . . . . 海外ニュース記事 和訳
英国ではワクチン接種がいよいよ始まりました。米国とカナダでも間もなく開始するようです。これをきっかけにして、感染が収束に向かって欲しいと心から願っています。 12月12日のNYタイムズの記事を全訳してみました。 英語の記事はこちら： www.nytimes.com 新型コロナワクチンの接種がスタート 英国、カナダ、米国の比較 数日以内に、これらの3カ国はいずれも、米ファイザーと独ビオンテックのワクチン接種を開始する可能性がある。だが、それぞれの接種計画と課題は異なっている。米国の計画は各州に委ねられ、政府による中央管理という点では3カ国中で最もその度合いが低い。 By Richard Pérez-Peña 2020年12月12日午前6時51分 米食品医薬品局（FDA）による11日の新型コロナワクチン緊急認可を受け、米国は、英国とカナダに次いで、欧米先進国でワクチンが承認された3カ国目となり
大学の設置形態に関する歴史的・比較的考察 : 国立大学の「法人化」問題に関連して(教育の市場化・民営化を問う,I 年報フォーラム)
In October 1999, the Minister of Education proposed a drastic change of the legal status of all 99 national universities from the current "governmental institutional establishments" to a new "independent administrative legal person" (Dokuritsu gyosei houjin) status, in other words, "corporatization" according to the overall administrative reform plan of the central government structure. The Associ
Odinstaluj Paragon Ntfs For Mac
Paragon Ntfs For Mac Os XOdinstaluj Paragon Ntfs For Mac 15Paragon Ntfs For Mac Torrent20 items - How to Uninstall Paragon NTFS for macOS. Paragon NTFS for Mac is a useful tool. However, advanced users know that any application creates service files for its proper work on a Mac. You should also check your Mac's System Preferences. Remove Paragon NTFS Using Uninstaller. Jesli masz go w systemie Win
J Michael Waller on Twitter: "Looking forward to see ordinary citizens in action against central government overreach. Any signs of extremism -… https://t.co/iH2zEmEMJ3"
Looking forward to see ordinary citizens in action against central government overreach. Any signs of extremism -… https://t.co/iH2zEmEMJ3
淮東総領所の財政運営
The Zong-Ling Suo (總領所) of the Southern Sung period was the financial and military institution, which was in charge of the commisariat for Da-jun (大軍), the force disposed on the borders of the Jin (金). There were four Zong-Ling Suo all over the country. Of them, Huai-Dong Zong-Ling Suo, located in Zhen-jiang (鎭江), was the easternmost and nearest to the capital, Lin-an (臨安), and engaged in transpor
This study deals with the progress and background of establishing the Hyakukou Kagaku Ka (Industrial Chemistry Course) in Niigata School, the purpose of Hyakukou Kagaku Ka and its curriculums, etc. Niigata School for English-language was established by Governor Masataka Kusumoto in 1872, and it was the origin of secondary school in Niigata Prefecture. Kusumoto attempted to fix and develop secondar
八・九世紀の牧について
In this paper, the author tries to clarify the relationship between the general description in the Ryo 令 codes and the more detailed explanation in the Engi-shiki 延喜式 codes concerning maki, state managed pastures for breeding mainly equestrian horses. Then, in order to deduce the origins of the several forms of maki stipulated in the Engi-shiki codes, he describes the transition of those offices i
唐代内附異民族への賦役規定と辺境社会
There are two opinions about taxes imposed on ethnic peoples living under the jurisdiction of the Tang dynasty, the most detailed provisions of which are contained in Tang Liu Dian 唐六典. One purports that theses provisions were five-fold and each provision was applied individually to nomadic peoples or Sogdian merchants. The other argues that the provisions constituted one law that was applied only
地方政党の構造と機能
Public investment is one of the most effective administrative measures by which the central government controls local government. This phenomenon is particularly evident in the case of regional development policy since the 1950's. The author seeks to determine the extent of the changes in local party organizations and activities under the pressure of the regional development policy. The conservati
十〜十一世紀の受領と中央政府
The inspection of documents after delivery of taxes (kumon kankai 公文勘会), which was one of the main mechanisms for the control of citizens under the ritsuryo 律令 system, began to change significantly between the late ninth and early tenth century, as the duties of officially appointed provincial governors (kokushi kancho 国司官長), especially the collection of taxes, became entrusted to a group of admin
Yang Yan 楊炎 established a new financial system centered around the Department of Public Revenue 度支, through the consolidation of the Treasury of the Left 左蔵庫 and the implementation of the two-tax system 両税法. He abolished the finance commissioners system to restore the duties of the Departments of the Treasury 金部 and Granaries 倉部 in the 1st year of Jian-zhong 建中 (780). His purpose was to hold on th
清代後期四川における財政改革と公局
The financial system during the Qing period was centralized the system and local finance was not legally permitted by the central government. So was really made up of both regular finance, by which the central government collected taxes according to ledgers, and an irregular one, by which local governments collected taxes to cover the cost of local administrations. This dual system was functioning
光緒新政への政策転換の背景
This paper focuses on the role of Sheng Xuanhuai 盛宣懐 in the complex political changes under the Guang Xu (光緒) Political Reform after the Sino-Japanese War in 1895. It is populary understood that the Political Reform movement was broken down by the refusal of Empresses Dowager, who after the Boxer Uprising changed its conservative policy and agreed to take an unyielding stand against the foreign po
前漢時代の漕運機構
It is usually regarded that the gradual increase in quantity of the water transportation from the beginning of the Han Dynasty (漢初) to the reign of Emperor Wu (武帝) was mainly caused to transport of local revenues to the central government, as it was so later in the Sui-T'ang (隋唐) period. There are, however, very few studies to demonstrate concretely the purpose and method of the water transportati
中世前期の朝廷財政について
The main revenue sources of the Court in the early middle ages in Japan were Shokoku-Noumotsu (諸国納物), Jogo (成功) and money contributed by the Bakufu (幕府). Most people recognized that of those three Shokoku-Noumotsu was adequate to for financing public ceremonies. The reveune was sent to the offices of Court by Kuni-Zassho (国雑掌), a subordinate of the Kokushi (国司), and was received by the Nenyo (年預)
PDCA日記 / Diary Vol. 929「民間と公務の本質的な違い」/ "There is no Alternative is old?" - PDCA日記 / PDCA Diary
English follows Japanese. 【PDCA日記 Vol. 929「民間と公務の本質的な違い」】 今回紹介する資料「ブラック霞が関」は、「このままでは国民のために働けない」をキャッチフレーズにしており、「民間と公務の本質的な違い」部分の以下のフレーズが印象的でした。 「官は非効率で無駄が多いということがよく指摘される。 確かに改善すべき点が多々ある。 一方で、業務改善や働き方改革をしても、本質的に公務に内在する非効率さがあるということも知っておいて頂ければと思う。 民間と公務の最大の違いは何か。 それは、先ほど述べたように、民間と異なり、お客さん（国民）から見て、商品と会社を選べないということである。 日本に一つしかない商品を、強制的に全国民に押し売りしているような商売なのだ。 なぜ、そのような一見あこぎな商売が存在しているかというと、そのような制度がないと生活の安全や安
「国家」としての中国、「場」としての中国
Treáting the personality of the three diplomats Shigemitsu Mamoru, Sugimura Yôtaro and Shidehara Kijurô this article focuses on the mental structure of Shidehara diplomacy and the general diplomats' understanding of China before the Manchurian Incident at September 18, 1931. Among these three diplomats, Sugihara, who acted as a permanent chief secretary at the secretariat of the League of Nations
ロシアの非対称な連邦制
Russia’s federalism in the 1990s had two different characteristics: the legal equality of federal subjects and bilateralism. While the constitution, which was adopted in December 1993, regards all the federal subjects (regions) as “legally equal”, it also allowed the center and regions to sign bilateral treaties to transfer some of their powers to each other. These treaties forged the asymmetry of
This article discusses a role played by Libanius, the sophist of Antioch, utilizing letters he wrote to dignitaries in Constantinople. While the sophist's correspondence has been generally considered as a product of patronage to date, this article first discusses three cases concerning persons familiar to Libanius, in order to show that this correspondence was not motivated by the exigencies of pa
Microfinance Company Registration | Microfinance Institutions - Corpbiz
Overview of Microfinance Company Registration The Microfinance Company is the financial institution that gives small-scale financial services in the form of loans, credit, or savings. These companies are initiated to ease the credit system for small businesses as they don't get a loan from banks due to their complicated method. Hence, it is commonly named as a Micro-credit company or organization.
Production of Local Childcare Culture in Okinawa and the Impact of Policy Change
The goal of this study is to examine the background and characteristics of the childcare culture in Okinawa, Japan. Particular attention is focused on the implementation of policy changes by the Japanese central government in reaction to Japan's Child Welfare Act. Specifically, we clarify the historical background of the childcare culture in Okinawa, as well as discuss the conflict posed by the af
中央地方関係から見た日本の財政赤字
This article analyses the difference in the rates of an increase in fiscal deficits between central and local government in Japan. Since the mid 1970s, central government had boosted its own deficits, whereas local government deficits had grown at a slow pace. The existing literature stresses the importance of the institutional arrangement which biased in favour of the Ministry of Home Affairs (Mo
「主権の空白地」の統治をめぐるせめぎ合い
This article examines how non-state actors struggle to rule the areas void of sovereignty. The areas void of sovereignty is not a new issue in international politics. There have been many such areas within weak states. Traditionally, the existence of such areas has been a domestic, not an international, matter. However, the recent trend of globalization and its effects have changed the situation.
新型コロナウイルス感染拡大初期の中国の対応を中国国内にいた人物が英語誌に掲載した論稿をご紹介する : 古村治彦（ふるむらはるひこ）の政治情報紹介・分析ブログ
古村治彦です。 新型コロナウイルスの感染拡大が世界的な問題になって３年余りが経過している。思い返してみればその最初は中国の武漢市であった。その当時、日本でもアメリカでも武漢市での混乱の様子や人々が戸惑い慌てている様子を連日報道していた。中国政府はうまく対応していない、強権的に人々を抑圧している、中国はパンデミックでたいせいに大きな影響が出るのではないかというような主張もなされていた。その後、同じような光景が世界各地で見られた。西側諸国の感染者数や死亡者数（それぞれ１０００人あたりの数）を見れば、先進諸国がうまく対応してきたと評価する人は少ないと思う。 アメリカの外交専門誌『フォーリン・ポリシー』誌に感染拡大初期の中国の様子を現地に住む人物が回顧して書いた記事が掲載された。その内容は「中国政府がいかに効果的に新型コロナウイルス感染拡大に対応したか」というものだ。著者エリック・リーは英語で文章
八・九世紀における地方神社行政の展開
Concerning shinto-related institutions under the Ritsuryo system represented by the custom of state-supported shrines, it has been the conventional opinion that from the late eighth century, as the Ritsuryo codes were more loosely implemented and substantial changes in local communities came about, the Shinto Bureau (jingikan 神祇官) and its authority declined. However, this way of thinking ignores t
The purpose of this paper is to examine the attitudes of African states towards the two Congo conflicts between 1960 and 1965 from the point of view of the search for “Pax Africana”. “Pax Africana” is the idea that the peace of Africa is to be assured by the efforts of Africans themselves, and has been a basic idea in attitudes to African security at the continental level among African states sinc
八朔大祭は、2年に1度9月の第一日曜日に烏の難所（菅原道真の祖先とされる天穂日命）で行われます。 9月中旬に行われる五穀豊穣を祈る熊野法話会（集い）と、11月末の稲刈り後に関涌地区で行われる「まいこんだ」です。 太田川地区での阿弥陀仏法話会に梅若祈願。 ハトムギ茶、トマト、キュウリ、水耕栽培野菜（シルベストリス、パセリ、ネギの新芽）が絶品です
無農薬野菜のミレー 【製品名（商品名）】 ひかりの泉〓（オーガニック菌床椎茸: ふくふくしいたけ） 【種類】 Lentinula edodes 【生産地】 福島県西白河郡泉崎村泉崎中核工業団地（農事組合法人 ひかり） 【名前の由来】 From the rich and prosperous state of shiitake mushrooms, which are indispensable to our ingredients. The fungus bed is recycled for compost as a high-quality organic material. 【主な特徴】 The certified farmer system of Izumizaki Village, Nishishirakawa District, Fukushima Prefecture, is
永盛均田例の研究
The author examines the text of Vinh thanh quan cap cong dien le 永盛均給公田例 or the Land Distribution. Regulation of 1711 for the purpose of analyzing the process by which State-owned rice fields in the 15th century were changed into communal land by the 19th century. In Part I he points out the influence that the disintegration of the central government since the 16th century exerted on the administr
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パルティア帝国 - 好きなもの、心惹かれるもの
明治初期中等工業教育の萌芽(1) : 新潟学校百工化学科の創設
安史の乱後の財政体制と中央集権について : 建中元年の財政使職廃止をめぐって
古代末期における公的教師の社会的役割 : リバニオス書簡集の分析から
コンゴ紛争とパックス・アフリカーナの模索-一九六〇-六五年-