というNBER論文が上がっている(H/T Mostly Economics;ungated版へのリンクがある著者の一人のページ)。原題は「When to Appease and When to Punish: Hitler, Putin, and Hamas」で、著者はDavid K. Levine(ロンドン大学ロイヤル・ホロウェイ)、Lee E. Ohanian(UCLA)。 以下はその要旨。 Much has been written about deterrence, the process of committing to punish an adversary to prevent an attack. But in sufficiently rich environments where attacks evolve over time, formulating a strat