The wings of the peppered moth are usually white with black speckles—a pattern that renders them invisible against the bark of a typical tree. But in the early 19th century, the trunks of English trees became jacketed in soot, which was belched forth from coal-fired factories. Against these trunks, the once-camouflaged moths shone out like beacons, making them easy prey for birds. But some lucky m
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