CSS: the cascade, specificity, and inheritance – Nicolas Gallagher
What is the cascade?The cascade is a mechanism for determining which styles should be applied to a given element, based on the rules that have cascaded down from various sources. The cascade takes importance, origin, specificity, and source order of style rules into account. It assigns a weight to each rule. When multiple rules apply to a given element, the rule with the greatest weight takes prec
About HTML semantics and front-end architecture – Nicolas Gallagher
A collection of thoughts, experiences, ideas that I like, and ideas that I have been experimenting with over the last year. It covers HTML semantics, components and approaches to front-end architecture, class naming patterns, and HTTP compression. About semanticsSemantics is the study of the relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent. In linguistics, this is primarily the stud
Another CSS image replacement technique – Nicolas Gallagher
A new image replacement technique was recently added to the HTML5 Boilerplate project. This post explains how it works and how it compares to alternative image replacement techniques. [15 December 2012] This technique is no longer used in HTML5 Boilerplate. It’s been replaced by another, more reliable approach. Here’s the CSS behind the recent update to the image replacement helper class in HTML5
CSS image replacement. One more time. – Nicolas Gallagher
An accessible image replacement method using pseudo-elements and generated-content. This method works with images and/or CSS off, with semi-transparent images, doesn’t hide text from screen-readers or search engines, and provides fallback for IE 6 and IE 7. Known support: Firefox 1.5+, Safari 3+, Chrome 3+, Opera 9+, IE 8+ What’s wrong with current methods?The two most widely used image replacemen
About normalize.css – Nicolas Gallagher
Normalize.css is a small CSS file that provides better cross-browser consistency in the default styling of HTML elements. It’s a modern, HTML5-ready, alternative to the traditional CSS reset. Normalize.css project siteNormalize.css source on GitHubAt the time of writing, normalize.css is used in some form by Twitter Bootstrap, HTML5 Boilerplate, GOV.UK, Rdio, CSS Tricks, and many other frameworks,
CSS background image hacks – Nicolas Gallagher
Emulating background image crop, background image opacity, background transforms, and improved background positioning. A few hacks relying on CSS pseudo-elements to emulate features unavailable or not yet widely supported by modern browsers. Demos: Example CSS background image hacks Pseudo-element hacks can fill some gaps in existing browser support for CSS features, without resorting to presentat
“Mobile first” CSS and getting Sass to help with legacy IE – Nicolas Gallagher
Taking a “mobile first” approach to web development poses some challenges if you need to provide a “desktop” experience for legacy versions of IE. Using a CSS pre-processor like Sass can help. As of Sass 3.2, there is another way of catering for IE, described by Jake Archibald. One aspect of a “mobile first” approach to development is that your styles are usually gradually built up from a simple b
Better float containment in IE using CSS expressions – Nicolas Gallagher
Research into improving the cross-browser consistency of both the “clearfix” and “overflow:hidden” methods of containing floats. The aim is to work around several bugs in IE6 and IE7. This article introduces a new hack (with caveats) that can benefit the “clearfix” methods and the new block formatting context (NBFC) methods (e.g. using overflow:hidden) of containing floats. It’s one outcome of a c
A new micro clearfix hack – Nicolas Gallagher
The clearfix hack is a popular way to contain floats without resorting to using presentational markup. This article presents an update to the clearfix method that further reduces the amount of CSS required. Demo: Micro clearfix hack Known support: Firefox 3.5+, Safari 4+, Chrome, Opera 9+, IE 6+ The “micro clearfix” method is suitable for modern browsers and builds upon Thierry Koblentz’s “clearfi
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Better conditional classnames for hack-free CSS – Nicolas Gallagher