Introduction Lacunar infarction, resulting from disease of the cerebral small vessels, accounts for a quarter of ischaemic strokes. It can occur in isolation, or be accompanied by changes in the periventricular white matter on CT or MRI. This appearance is called leukoaraiosis. Both lacunar stroke and leukoaraiosis are thought to be caused by cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). On pathology, thic

11 Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands

1Departments of 1Geriatrics and 2Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva and 3Division of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Lausanne School of Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland

Abstract The clinical signs grouped under the concept of apathy are a common feature of prefrontal and basal ganglia lesions or dysfunctions and can therefore help to improve our understanding of the functional anatomy of the prefrontal–basal ganglia system. Apathy is here defined as a quantitative reduction of voluntary, goal-directed behaviors. The underlying mechanisms responsible for apathy ca

Abstract Over the last century, several dozen case reports have presented `topographically disoriented' patients who, in some cases, appear to have selectively lost their ability to find their way within large-scale, locomotor environments. A review is offered here that has as its aim the creation of a taxonomy that accurately reflects the behavioural impairments and neuroanatomical findings of th

Medial temporal lobe atrophy on MRI differentiates Alzheimer's disease from dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular cognitive impairment: a prospective study with pathological verification of diagnosis

1 Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle General Hospital, Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6BE, UK

Early histopathological studies of patients with small vessel damage related to hypertension described small, focal areas of previous bleeding close to damaged arterioles, sometimes associated with small outpouchings of the vessel wall (Cole and Yates, 1967; Fisher, 1971). Until recently it has been difficult to detect these types of lesion during life. In the last few years, gradient echo T2*-wei