Go Cryptography Security Audit - The Go Programming Language
Go ships with a full suite of cryptography packages in the standard library to help developers build secure applications. Google recently contracted the independent security firm Trail of Bits to complete an audit of the core set of packages that are also validated as part of the new native FIPS 140-3 module. The audit produced a single low-severity finding, in the legacy and unsupported Go+Boring
Using go fix to modernize Go code - The Go Programming Language
The Go Blog Using go fix to modernize Go code Alan Donovan 17 February 2026 The 1.26 release of Go this month includes a completely rewritten go fix subcommand. Go fix uses a suite of algorithms to identify opportunities to improve your code, often by taking advantage of more modern features of the language and library. In this post, we’ll first show you how to use go fix to modernize your Go code
Go 1.26 is released - The Go Programming Language
The Go Blog Go 1.26 is released Carlos Amedee, on behalf of the Go team 10 February 2026 Today the Go team is pleased to release Go 1.26. You can find its binary archives and installers on the download page. Language changes Go 1.26 introduces two significant refinements to the language syntax and type system. First, the built-in new function, which creates a new variable, now allows its operand t
A new experimental Go API for JSON - The Go Programming Language
Introduction JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a simple data interchange format. Almost 15 years ago, we wrote about support for JSON in Go, which introduced the ability to serialize and deserialize Go types to and from JSON data. Since then, JSON has become the most popular data format used on the Internet. It is widely read and written by Go programs, and encoding/json now ranks as the 5th mo
Go 1.25 Release Notes - The Go Programming Language
Introduction to Go 1.25 The latest Go release, version 1.25, arrives in August 2025, six months after Go 1.24. Most of its changes are in the implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries. As always, the release maintains the Go 1 promise of compatibility. We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before. Changes to the language There are no languages changes tha
Organizing a Go module - The Go Programming Language
A common question developers new to Go have is “How do I organize my Go project?”, in terms of the layout of files and folders. The goal of this document is to provide some guidelines that will help answer this question. To make the most of this document, make sure you’re familiar with the basics of Go modules by reading the tutorial and managing module source. Go projects can include packages, co
Goodbye core types - Hello Go as we know and love it! - The Go Programming Language
The Go 1.18 release introduced generics and with that a number of new features, including type parameters, type constraints, and new concepts such as type sets. It also introduced the notion of a core type. While the former provide concrete new functionality, a core type is an abstract construct that was introduced for expediency and to simplify dealing with generic operands (operands whose types
Managing connections - The Go Programming Language
For the vast majority of programs, you needn’t adjust the sql.DB connection pool defaults. But for some advanced programs, you might need to tune the connection pool parameters or work with connections explicitly. This topic explains how. The sql.DB database handle is safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines (meaning the handle is what other languages might call “thread-safe”). Some other da
Go 1.24 Release Notes - The Go Programming Language
Introduction to Go 1.24 The latest Go release, version 1.24, arrives in February 2025, six months after Go 1.23. Most of its changes are in the implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries. As always, the release maintains the Go 1 promise of compatibility. We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before. Changes to the language Go 1.24 now fully supports gener
What's in an (Alias) Name? - The Go Programming Language
This post is about generic alias types, what they are, and why we need them. Background Go was designed for programming at scale. Programming at scale means dealing with large amounts of data, but also large codebases, with many engineers working on those codebases over long periods of time. Go’s organization of code into packages enables programming at scale by splitting up large codebases into s
Finding unreachable functions with deadcode - The Go Programming Language
Functions that are part of your project’s source code but can never be reached in any execution are called “dead code”, and they exert a drag on codebase maintenance efforts. Today we’re pleased to share a tool named deadcode to help you identify them. $ go install golang.org/x/tools/cmd/deadcode@latest $ deadcode -help The deadcode command reports unreachable functions in Go programs. Usage: dead
Go Toolchains - The Go Programming Language
Introduction Starting in Go 1.21, the Go distribution consists of a go command and a bundled Go toolchain, which is the standard library as well as the compiler, assembler, and other tools. The go command can use its bundled Go toolchain as well as other versions that it finds in the local PATH or downloads as needed. The choice of Go toolchain being used depends on the GOTOOLCHAIN environment set
Deconstructing Type Parameters - The Go Programming Language
slices package function signatures The slices.Clone function is pretty simple: it makes a copy of a slice of any type. func Clone[S ~[]E, E any](s S) S { return append(s[:0:0], s...) } This works because appending to a slice with zero capacity will allocate a new backing array. The function body winds up being shorter than the function signature, which is in part because the body is short, but als
Gobs of data - The Go Programming Language
Introduction To transmit a data structure across a network or to store it in a file, it must be encoded and then decoded again. There are many encodings available, of course: JSON, XML, Google’s protocol buffers, and more. And now there’s another, provided by Go’s gob package. Why define a new encoding? It’s a lot of work and redundant at that. Why not just use one of the existing formats? Well, f
Fixing For Loops in Go 1.22 - The Go Programming Language
Go 1.21 includes a preview of a change to for loop scoping that we plan to ship in Go 1.22, removing one of the most common Go mistakes. The Problem If you’ve written any amount of Go code, you’ve probably made the mistake of keeping a reference to a loop variable past the end of its iteration, at which point it takes on a new value that you didn’t want. For example, consider this program: func ma
Profile-guided optimization in Go 1.21 - The Go Programming Language
Earlier in 2023, Go 1.20 shipped a preview of profile-guided optimization (PGO) for users to test. After addressing known limitations in the preview, and with additional refinements thanks to community feedback and contributions, PGO support in Go 1.21 is ready for general production use! See the profile-guided optimization user guide for complete documentation. Below we will run through an exampl
Structured Logging with slog - The Go Programming Language
The new log/slog package in Go 1.21 brings structured logging to the standard library. Structured logs use key-value pairs so they can be parsed, filtered, searched, and analyzed quickly and reliably. For servers, logging is an important way for developers to observe the detailed behavior of the system, and often the first place they go to debug it. Logs therefore tend to be voluminous, and the ab
Forward Compatibility and Toolchain Management in Go 1.21 - The Go Programming Language
Beyond Go 1.21’s expanded commitment to backward compatibility, Go 1.21 also introduces better forward compatibility for Go code, meaning that Go 1.21 and later will take better care not to miscompile code that requires an even newer version of Go. Specifically, the go line in go.mod now specifies a minimum required Go toolchain version, while in previous releases it was a mostly unenforced sugges
Backward Compatibility, Go 1.21, and Go 2 - The Go Programming Language
Go 1.21 includes new features to improve compatibility. Before you stop reading, I know that sounds boring. But boring can be good. Back in the early days of Go 1, Go was exciting and full of surprises. Each week we cut a new snapshot release and everyone got to roll the dice to see what we’d changed and how their programs would break. We released Go 1 and its compatibility promise to remove the e
Experimenting with project templates - The Go Programming Language
When you start a new project in Go, you might begin by cloning an existing project. That way, you can start with something that already works, making incremental changes instead of starting from scratch. For a long time now, we have heard from Go developers that getting started is often the hardest part. New developers coming from other languages expect guidance on a default project layout, experi
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