A few months ago, I set myself the challenge of writing a C compiler in 500 lines of Python1, after writing my SDF donut post. How hard could it be? The answer was, pretty hard, even when dropping quite a few features. But it was also pretty interesting, and the result is surprisingly functional and not too hard to understand! There's too much code for me to comprehensively cover in a single blog
Golang Mini Reference 2022: A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY)
Golang Mini Reference 2022 A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY) Harry Yoon Version 0.9.0, 2022-08-24 REVIEW COPY This is review copy, not to be shared or distributed to others. Please forward any feedback or comments to the author. • feedback@codingbookspress.com The book is tentatively scheduled to be published on September 14th, 2022. We hope that when the release da
Parsing SQL - Strumenta
The code for this tutorial is on GitHub: parsing-sql SQL is a language to handle data in a relational database. If you worked with data you have probably worked with SQL. In this article we will talk about parsing SQL. It is in the same league of HTML: maybe you never learned it formally but you kind of know how to use it. That is great because if you know SQL, you know how to handle data. However
Agentic GraphRAG for Commercial Contracts | Towards Data Science
In every business, legal contracts are foundational documents that define the relationships, obligations, and responsibilities between parties. Whether it’s a partnership agreement, an NDA, or a supplier contract, these documents often contain critical information that drives decision-making, risk management, and compliance. However, navigating and extracting insights from these contracts can be a
Over the course of my Spring 2020 semester at Harvey Mudd College, I developed a self-hosting compiler entirely from scratch. This article walks through many interesting parts of the project. It’s laid out so you can just read from beginning to end, but if you’re more interested in a particular topic, feel free to jump there. Or, take a look at the project on GitHub. Table of contents What the pro
A Walk with LuaJIT
The following is a chronicle of implementing a general purpose zero-instrumentation BPF based profiler for LuaJIT. Some assumptions are made about what this entails and it may be helpful to read some of our other work in this area. One major change from prior efforts is that instead of working with the original Parca unwinder we are now working with the OpenTelemetry eBPF profiler. If you missed t
Tier 4 Support § Support for these targets is entirely experimental. If this target is provided by LLVM, LLVM may have the target as an experimental target, which means that you need to use Zig-provided binaries for the target to be available, or build LLVM from source with special configure flags. zig targets will display the target if it is available. This target may be considered deprecated by
Monitoring is a Pain
And we're all doing it wrong (including me) I have a confession. Despite having been hired multiple times in part due to my experience with monitoring platforms, I have come to hate monitoring. Monitoring and observability tools commit the cardinal sin of tricking people into thinking this is an easy problem. It is very simple to monitor a small application or service. Almost none of those approac
Let’s Write a Tree-Sitter Major Mode Creating a standard programming major mode presents significant challenges, with the intricate tasks of establishing proper indentation and font highlighting being among the two hardest things to get right. It's painstaking work, and it'll quickly descend into a brawl between the font lock engine and your desire for correctness. Tree-sitter makes writing many m
Cognitive load is what matters
The logo image was taken from Reddit. It is a living document, last update: May 2025. Your contributions are welcome! Introduction There are so many buzzwords and best practices out there, but most of them have failed. We need something more fundamental, something that can't be wrong. Sometimes we feel confusion going through the code. Confusion costs time and money. Confusion is caused by high co
Flipping Pages: An analysis of a new Linux vulnerability in nf_tables and hardened exploitation techniques
This blogpost is the next instalment of my series of hands-on no-boilerplate vulnerability research blogposts, intended for time-travellers in the future who want to do Linux kernel vulnerability research. Specifically, I hope beginners will learn from my VR workflow and the seasoned researchers will learn from my techniques. In this blogpost, I'm discussing a bug I found in nf_tables in the Linux
Accepted at ICLR 2026 (Oral). GEPA: REFLECTIVE PROMPT EVOLUTION CAN OUTPER- FORM REINFORCEMENT LEARNING Lakshya A Agrawal1 , Shangyin Tan1 , Dilara Soylu2 , Noah Ziems4 , Rishi Khare1 , Krista Opsahl-Ong5 , Arnav Singhvi2,5 , Herumb Shandilya2 , Michael J Ryan2 , Meng Jiang4 , Christopher Potts2 , Koushik Sen1 , Alexandros G. Dimakis1,3 , Ion Stoica1 , Dan Klein1 , Matei Zaharia1,5 , Omar Khattab6
LambdaLisp - A Lisp Interpreter That Runs on Lambda Calculus
LambdaLisp is a Lisp interpreter written as an untyped lambda calculus term. The input and output text is encoded into closed lambda terms using the Mogensen-Scott encoding, so the entire computation process solely consists of the beta-reduction of lambda calculus terms. When run on a lambda calculus interpreter that runs on the terminal, it presents a REPL where you can interactively define and e
Last document update: October 2025. The logo image was taken from Reddit. This is a short version of the text. Toggle the switch to see a longer version. Prompt | Chinese | Japanese | Spanish | Korean | Turkish Introduction There are so many buzzwords and best practices out there, but most of them have failed. They failed because they were imagined, not real. These ideas were based on aesthetics a
Here is a list of common JavaScript interview questions with detailed answers to help you prepare for the interview as a JavaScript developer. JavaScript continues to be a cornerstone of web development, powering dynamic and interactive experiences across the web. As the language evolves, so does the complexity and scope of interview questions for JavaScript developers. Whether you’re a fresher de
Combobulate: Structured Movement and Editing with Tree-Sitter
Combobulate: Structured Movement and Editing with Tree-Sitter Combobulate is a package that adds advanced structured editing and movement to many programming modes in Emacs. Here's how it works, and how it can enrich your editing experience in Emacs. About a year ago I released an alpha – prototype, really – version of a tool I call Combobulate. I’d been using it personally for a while before I le
Python Interview Questions
Here is a list of common Python interview questions with detailed answers to help you prepare for the interview as a Python developer. Python, with its versatile use cases and straightforward syntax, has seen its popularity growing continuously in software development, data science, artificial intelligence, and many other fields. As such, interviews for Python-related positions are designed not on
Updated 2024-09-17 to reflect updated PgBouncer support for protocol-level prepared statements 🐘 To start, I want to say that I’m appreciative that PgBouncer exists and the work its open source maintainers put into it. I also love working with PostgreSQL, and I’m thankful for the incredible amount of work and improvements that go into it as well. I also think community and industry enthusiasm aro
[Simon Tatham, initial version 2023-09-01, last updated 2025-03-25] [Coroutines trilogy: C preprocessor | C++20 native | general philosophy ] Introduction Why I’m so enthusiastic about coroutines The objective view: what makes them useful? Versus explicit state machines Versus conventional threads The subjective view: why do I like them so much? “Teach the student when the student is ready” They s
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Writing a C compiler in 500 lines of Python
Kalyn: a self-hosting compiler for x86-64
0.10.0 Release Notes ⚡ The Zig Programming Language
Let's Write a Tree-Sitter Major Mode
GEPA: Reflective Prompt Evolution Can Outperform Reinforcement Learning
Cognitive load is what matters
JavaScript Interview Questions
PgBouncer is useful, important, and fraught with peril
Philosophy of coroutines