Hidden Technical Debt in Machine Learning Systems D. Sculley, Gary Holt, Daniel Golovin, Eugene Davydov, Todd Phillips {dsculley,gholt,dgg,edavydov,toddphillips}@google.com Google, Inc. Dietmar Ebner, Vinay Chaudhary, Michael Young, Jean-François Crespo, Dan Dennison {ebner,vchaudhary,mwyoung,jfcrespo,dennison}@google.com Google, Inc. Abstract Machine learning offers a fantastically powerful tool