// Good: choose between two options as appropriate (see below). import * as ng from '@angular/core'; import {Foo} from './foo'; // Only when needed: default imports. import Button from 'Button'; // Sometimes needed to import libraries for their side effects: import 'jasmine'; import '@polymer/paper-button'; Import paths TypeScript code must use paths to import other TypeScript code. Paths may be r
00:00 - Introduction 01:45 - The Battleship 02:49 - NP-Complete Problems 06:24 - Building SQLite V1 07:54 - Motorola Phones 09:40 - America Online Phones 11:12 - Symbian OS and Nokia 13:01 - The Bus Factor and the Consortium 15:11 - Enter Android 17:05 - Guys, This Is Important 18:18 - Testing and Aviation Standards 21:29 - Billions of Tests 25:30 - Building From First Principles 28:05 - B-Trees a
Peter Jay Salzman, Michael Burian, Ori Pomerantz, Bob Mottram, Jim Huang 1 Introduction 1.1 Authorship 1.2 Acknowledgements 1.3 What Is A Kernel Module? 1.4 Kernel module package 1.5 What Modules are in my Kernel? 1.6 Is there a need to download and compile the kernel? 1.7 Before We Begin 2 Headers 3 Examples 4 Hello World 4.1 The Simplest Module 4.2 Hello and Goodbye 4.3 The __init and __exit Mac
A few months ago, I set myself the challenge of writing a C compiler in 500 lines of Python1, after writing my SDF donut post. How hard could it be? The answer was, pretty hard, even when dropping quite a few features. But it was also pretty interesting, and the result is surprisingly functional and not too hard to understand! There's too much code for me to comprehensively cover in a single blog
Turing Machines
ALAN M. TURING 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954 F | | P(T) R P(u) R P(r) R P(i) R P(n) R P(g) R P( ) R P(M) R P(a) R P(c) R P(h) R P(i) R P(n) R P(e) R P(s) R -> B B | | L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) L P( ) -> F 2024-12-20 Translations: English, Spanish In 1928, David Hilbert, one of the most influential mathematicians of his time, aske
Rewriting the Ruby parser
At Shopify, we have spent the last year writing a new Ruby parser, which we’ve called YARP (Yet Another Ruby Parser). As of the date of this post, YARP can parse a semantically equivalent syntax tree to Ruby 3.3 on every Ruby file in Shopify’s main codebase, GitHub’s main codebase, CRuby, and the 100 most popular gems downloaded from rubygems.org. We recently got approval to merge this work into C
Helpful background for code reading The GNU coreutils has its foibles. Many of these utilities are approaching 30 years old and include revisions by many people over the years. Here are some things to keep in mind when reading the code: Tiny programs - These utilities are small, (mostly) single-source file programs designed to do one thing and do it well. They are not designed for long life or to
All JavaScript and TypeScript Features of the last 3 years
TypeScript as envisioned by Stable DiffusionThis article goes through almost all of the changes of the last 3 years (and some from earlier) in JavaScript / ECMAScript and TypeScript . Not all of the following features will be relevant to you or even practical, but they should instead serve to show what’s possible and to deepen your understanding of these languages. There are a lot of TypeScript fe
Weird Lexical Syntax
I just learned 42 programming languages this month to build a new syntax highlighter for llamafile. I feel like I'm up to my eyeballs in programming languages right now. Now that it's halloween, I thought I'd share some of the spookiest most surprising syntax I've seen. The languages I decided to support are Ada, Assembly, BASIC, C, C#, C++, COBOL, CSS, D, FORTH, FORTRAN, Go, Haskell, HTML, Java,
Golang Mini Reference 2022: A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY)
Golang Mini Reference 2022 A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY) Harry Yoon Version 0.9.0, 2022-08-24 REVIEW COPY This is review copy, not to be shared or distributed to others. Please forward any feedback or comments to the author. • feedback@codingbookspress.com The book is tentatively scheduled to be published on September 14th, 2022. We hope that when the release da
Trail of Bits is publicly disclosing CVE-2022-35737, which affects applications that use the SQLite library API. CVE-2022-35737 was introduced in SQLite version 1.0.12 (released on October 17, 2000) and fixed in release 3.39.2 (released on July 21, 2022). CVE-2022-35737 is exploitable on 64-bit systems, and exploitability depends on how the program is compiled; arbitrary code execution is confirme
Parsing SQL - Strumenta
The code for this tutorial is on GitHub: parsing-sql SQL is a language to handle data in a relational database. If you worked with data you have probably worked with SQL. In this article we will talk about parsing SQL. It is in the same league of HTML: maybe you never learned it formally but you kind of know how to use it. That is great because if you know SQL, you know how to handle data. However
Posted on Tuesday, April 2, 2024. Updated Wednesday, April 3, 2024. Introduction Andres Freund published the existence of the xz attack on 2024-03-29 to the public oss-security@openwall mailing list. The day before, he alerted Debian security and the (private) distros@openwall list. In his mail, he says that he dug into this after “observing a few odd symptoms around liblzma (part of the xz packag
syntaxdesign
One of the most recognizable features of a languages is its syntax. What are some of the things about syntax that matter? What questions might you ask if you were creating a syntax for your own language? Motivation A programming language gives us a way structure our thoughts. Each program, has a kind of internal structure, for example: How can we capture this structure? One way is directly, via pi
Most of my readers are probably familiar with procedural programming, object-oriented programming (OOP), and functional programming (FP). The majority of top programming languages on all of the language popularity charts (like TIOBE) support all three to some extent. Even if a programmer avoided one or more of those three paradigms like the plague, they’re likely at least aware of them and what th
A decision that arises over and over when designing concurrent programs is whether to represent program state in control flow or as data. This post is about what that decision means and how to approach it. Done well, taking program state stored in data and storing it instead in control flow can make programs much clearer and more maintainable than they otherwise would be. Before saying much more,
Today we’re excited to announce the release of TypeScript 5.5! If you’re not familiar with TypeScript, it’s a language that builds on top of JavaScript by making it possible to declare and describe types. Writing types in our code allows us to explain intent and have other tools check our code to catch mistakes like typos, issues with null and undefined, and more. Types also power TypeScript’s edi
Over the course of my Spring 2020 semester at Harvey Mudd College, I developed a self-hosting compiler entirely from scratch. This article walks through many interesting parts of the project. It’s laid out so you can just read from beginning to end, but if you’re more interested in a particular topic, feel free to jump there. Or, take a look at the project on GitHub. Table of contents What the pro
Great. But now let’s make a small tweak: [Benchmark] public int GetLength() { ITuple t = (5, 6, 7); Ignore(t); return t.Length; } [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)] private static void Ignore(object o) { } Here I’ve forced the boxing by needing the object to exist in order to call the Ignore method, and previously that was enough to disable the ability to devirtualize the t.Length call. Bu
xorvoid
SectorC: A C Compiler in 512 bytes SectorC (github) is a C compiler written in x86-16 assembly that fits within the 512 byte boot sector of an x86 machine. It supports a subset of C that is large enough to write real and interesting programs. It is quite likely the smallest C compiler ever written. In a base64 encoding, it looks like this: 6gUAwAdoADAfaAAgBzH/6DABPfQYdQXoJQHr8+gjAVOJP+gSALDDqluB+9
haku
Haku A toy functional programming language based on literary Japanese. Is Haku for you? Haku lets you write programs that look very much like written Japanese. So you need to be familiar with written Japanese to program in Haku. I have added translations and explanations to the documentation. Haku is an experiment, not a practical programming language. Several of its features are rather contrary.
You’ve reached computer programming nirvana. Your journey has led you down many paths, including believing that God wrote the universe in LISP, but now the truth is clear in your mind: every problem can be solved by writing one more compiler. It’s true. Even our soon-to-be artificially intelligent overlords are nothing but compilers, just as the legends foretold. That smart contract you’ve been wr
In 2023, Fujita Tomonori wrote a Rust version of the existing driver for the Asix AX88796B embedded Ethernet controller. At slightly more than 100 lines, it's about as simple as a driver can be, and therefore is a useful touchstone for the differences between writing Rust and C in the kernel. Looking at the Rust syntax, types, and APIs used by the driver and contrasting them with the C version wil
Tier 4 Support § Support for these targets is entirely experimental. If this target is provided by LLVM, LLVM may have the target as an experimental target, which means that you need to use Zig-provided binaries for the target to be available, or build LLVM from source with special configure flags. zig targets will display the target if it is available. This target may be considered deprecated by
COVID ECONOMICS VETTED AND REAL-TIME PAPERS FROM THE GREAT RECESSION TO THE PANDEMIC RECESSION Francis X. Diebold ELECTORAL POLITICS AND SMALL BUSINESS LOANS Ran Duchin and John Hackney GROWTH FORECASTS AT END-2020 Javier G. Gómez-Pineda STOP-AND-GO EPIDEMIC CONTROL Claudius Gros and Daniel Gros CONSUMPTION RESPONSES TO STIMULUS PAYMENTS So Kubota, Koichiro Onishi and Yuta Toyama CHILD CARE CLOSUR
Today we are excited to announce the availability of TypeScript 5.5 Beta. To get started using the beta, you can get it through NuGet, or through npm with the following command: npm install -D typescript@beta Here’s a quick list of what’s new in TypeScript 5.5! Inferred Type Predicates Control Flow Narrowing for Constant Indexed Accesses Type Imports in JSDoc Regular Expression Syntax Checking Iso
The Go Programming Language and Environment – Communications of the ACM
Go is a programming language created at Google in late 2007 and released as open source in November 2009. Since then, it has operated as a public project, with contributions from thousands of individuals and dozens of companies. Go has become a popular language for building cloud infrastructure: Docker, a Linux container manager, and Kubernetes, a container deployment system, are core cloud techno
This is a more in-depth explanation of how memory management in Lobster works, and is typically not needed to be understood fully to use the language. It may be interesting to those wanting to implement a similar scheme in another language. Introduction Memory management is an aspect of a language that has one of the biggest influences on how a language turns out: it affects the type system and th
Let’s start at the top: it’s C in four functions — what? And if you open the code you’ll see that, yes, this is true, no cheating: And it works! First you need an existing C compiler to compile c4 and then you can use c4 to run another C program. Say I have this program: // my_program.c #include <stdio.h> int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } int main() { int a, b, c; a = 99; b = 20; c = add(a,
Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems With Language Models
Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models Aitor Lewkowycz∗, Anders Andreassen†, David Dohan†, Ethan Dyer†, Henryk Michalewski†, Vinay Ramasesh†, Ambrose Slone, Cem Anil, Imanol Schlag, Theo Gutman-Solo, Yuhuai Wu, Behnam Neyshabur∗, Guy Gur-Ari∗, and Vedant Misra∗ Google Research Abstract Language models have achieved remarkable performance on a wide range of tasks that require
One of the most highly anticipated PC games of the year Cities: Skylines 2 was released last week to a mixed reception. My impression is that gameplay and simulation-wise it seems to be a step in the right direction, and at least on paper the game seems more well-rounded in terms of features than the original was at launch. There are however significant issues with the game, ranging from balance p
To Learn a New Language, Read Its Standard Library - Pat Shaughnessy
If I was learning to read English as a foreign language, I would need something simple to get started. (from The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little, 1840) The best way to learn a new programming language, just like a human language, is from example. To learn how to write code you first need to read someone else’s code. But who is the best person to learn from? Which code should we read? Where shou
Today we are excited to announce the availability of the release candidate of TypeScript 5.5. To get started using the RC, you can get it through NuGet, or through npm with the following command: npm install -D typescript@rc Here’s a quick list of what’s new in TypeScript 5.5! Inferred Type Predicates Control Flow Narrowing for Constant Indexed Accesses Type Imports in JSDoc Regular Expression Syn
Grant Handy
Written 2023-02-24Learn about simple ray casting and discover some fun math by creating a tiny 2KB game with Rust & WebAssembly. IntroductionOn first glance, making a first person game without an engine or a graphics API seems like an almost impossible task. In this post I'll show you how to do that using a simple variant of a method called ray casting. My goal here is to show how something that l
The Andrej Karpathy episode. Andrej explains why reinforcement learning is terrible (but everything else is much worse), why model collapse prevents LLMs from learning the way humans do, why AGI will just blend into the previous ~2.5 centuries of 2% GDP growth, why self driving took so long to crack, and what he sees as the future of education. Watch on YouTube; listen on Apple Podcasts or Spotify
Why async Rust?
Async/await syntax in Rust was initially released to much fanfare and excitement. To quote Hacker News at the time: This is going to open the flood gates. I am sure lot of people were just waiting for this moment for Rust adoption. I for one was definitely in this boat. Also, this has all the goodness: open-source, high quality engineering, design in open, large contributors to a complex piece of
This article was discussed on Hacker News. This is a continuation of my last post on how to write a tree-sitter grammar in an afternoon. Building on the grammar we wrote, now we’re going to write a linter for Imp, and it’s even easier! The final result clocks in less than 60 SLOC and can be found here. Recall that tree-sitter is an incremental parser generator. That is, you give it a description o
Introduction The story behind this article is very simple, I wanted to learn about new C++20 language features and to have a brief summary for all of them on a single page. So, I decided to read all proposals and create this “cheat sheet” that explains and demonstrates each feature. This is not a “best practices” kind of article, it serves only demonstrational purpose. Most examples were inspired
Make Something WonderfulSteve Jobs in his own wordsThere’s lots of ways to be, as a person. And some people express their deep appreciation in different ways. But one of the ways that I believe people express their appreciation to the rest of humanity is to make something wonderful and put it out there. And you never meet the people. You never shake their hands. You never hear their story or tell
Summary Introduce virtual threads to the Java Platform. Virtual threads are lightweight threads that dramatically reduce the effort of writing, maintaining, and observing high-throughput concurrent applications. This is a preview API. Goals Enable server applications written in the simple thread-per-request style to scale with near-optimal hardware utilization. Enable existing code that uses the j
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