tl;dr: Our intuition that Python is slow is often incorrect. Data structure bound Python computations are fast. You may also want to see the companion post, Introducing CyToolz. We think that Python is slow Our intuition says that Python is slow: >>> # Python speeds >>> L = range(1000000) >>> timeit sum(L) timeit np.s100 loops, best of 3: 7.79 ms per loop >>> # C speeds >>> import numpy as np >>>