Continuous Delivery for Machine Learning
Automating the end-to-end lifecycle of Machine Learning applications Machine Learning applications are becoming popular in our industry, however the process for developing, deploying, and continuously improving them is more complex compared to more traditional software, such as a web service or a mobile application. They are subject to change in three axis: the code itself, the model, and the data
Software Architecture Guide
When people in the software industry talk about “architecture”, they refer to a hazily defined notion of the most important aspects of the internal design of a software system. A good architecture is important, otherwise it becomes slower and more expensive to add new capabilities in the future. Like many in the software world, I’ve long been wary of the term “architecture” as it often suggests a
How to Move Beyond a Monolithic Data Lake to a Distributed Data Mesh
How to Move Beyond a Monolithic Data Lake to a Distributed Data Mesh Many enterprises are investing in their next generation data lake, with the hope of democratizing data at scale to provide business insights and ultimately make automated intelligent decisions. Data platforms based on the data lake architecture have common failure modes that lead to unfulfilled promises at scale. To address these
How to extract a data-rich service from a monolith
When breaking monoliths into smaller services, the hardest part is actually breaking up the data that lives in the database of the monolith. To extract a data-rich service, it is useful to follow a series of steps which retain a single write-copy of the data at all times. The steps begin by making a logical separation in the existing monolith: splitting service behavior into a separate module, the
How to break a Monolith into Microservices
What to decouple and when As monolithic systems become too large to deal with, many enterprises are drawn to breaking them down into the microservices architectural style. It is a worthwhile journey, but not an easy one. We've learned that to do this well, we need to start with a simple service, but then draw out services that are based on vertical capabilities that are important to the business a
Announcing the Second Edition of "Refactoring"
For the past two years, I've been working on a second edition of my book "Refactoring". Here I have details about the new edition and some memos describing my thoughts in the last months of this project. The book is now available and you can buy it from informit (the web presence of the publisher), Amazon, or your favorite book seller. Purchasing the book gives you access to the canonical web edit
What do you mean by “Event-Driven”?
Towards the end of last year I attended a workshop with my colleagues in Thoughtworks to discuss the nature of “event-driven” applications. Over the last few years we've been building lots of systems that make a lot of use of events, and they've been often praised, and often damned. Our North American office organized a summit, and Thoughtworks senior developers from all over the world showed up t
Richardson Maturity Model
steps toward the glory of REST A model (developed by Leonard Richardson) that breaks down the principal elements of a REST approach into three steps. These introduce resources, http verbs, and hypermedia controls. 18 March 2010 Recently I've been reading drafts of Rest In Practice: a book that a couple of my colleagues have been working on. Their aim is to explain how to use Restful web services t
Serverless Architectures
Serverless architectures are application designs that incorporate third-party “Backend as a Service” (BaaS) services, and/or that include custom code run in managed, ephemeral containers on a “Functions as a Service” (FaaS) platform. By using these ideas, and related ones like single-page applications, such architectures remove much of the need for a traditional always-on server component. Serverl
Refactoring a JavaScript video store
The simple example of calculating and formatting a bill for a video store opened my refactoring book in 1999. If done in modern JavaScript, there are several directions you could take the refactoring. I explore four here: refactoring to top level functions, to a nested function with a dispatcher, using classes, and transformation using an intermediate data structure. 18 May 2016 Many years ago, wh
bliki: Anemic Domain Model
This is one of those anti-patterns that's been around for quite a long time, yet seems to be having a particular spurt at the moment. I was chatting with Eric Evans on this, and we've both noticed they seem to be getting more popular. As great boosters of a proper Domain Model, this is not a good thing. The basic symptom of an Anemic Domain Model is that at first blush it looks like the real thing
Event Sourcing
Capture all changes to an application state as a sequence of events. This is part of the Further Enterprise Application Architecture development writing that I was doing in the mid 2000’s. Sadly too many other things have claimed my attention since, so I haven’t had time to work on them further, nor do I see much time in the foreseeable future. As such this material is very much in draft form and
bliki: Monolith First
As I hear stories about teams using a microservices architecture, I've noticed a common pattern. Almost all the successful microservice stories have started with a monolith that got too big and was broken up Almost all the cases where I've heard of a system that was built as a microservice system from scratch, it has ended up in serious trouble. This pattern has led many of my colleagues to argue
Refactoring code that accesses external services
When I write code that deals with external services, I find it valuable to separate that access code into separate objects. Here I show how I would refactor some congealed code into a common pattern of this separation. 17 February 2015 One of the characteristics of software systems is that they don't live on their own. In order to do something useful, they usually need to talk to other bits of sof
bliki: CQRS
CQRS stands for Command Query Responsibility Segregation. It's a pattern that I first heard described by Greg Young. At its heart is the notion that you can use a different model to update information than the model you use to read information. For some situations, this separation can be valuable, but beware that for most systems CQRS adds risky complexity. The mainstream approach people use for i
Presentation Model
This is part of the Further Enterprise Application Architecture development writing that I was doing in the mid 2000’s. Sadly too many other things have claimed my attention since, so I haven’t had time to work on them further, nor do I see much time in the foreseeable future. As such this material is very much in draft form and I won’t be doing any corrections or updates until I’m able to find ti
Mocks Aren't Stubs
The term 'Mock Objects' has become a popular one to describe special case objects that mimic real objects for testing. Most language environments now have frameworks that make it easy to create mock objects. What's often not realized, however, is that mock objects are but one form of special case test object, one that enables a different style of testing. In this article I'll explain how mock obje
Inversion of Control Containers and the Dependency Injection pattern
Inversion of Control Containers and the Dependency Injection pattern In the Java community there's been a rush of lightweight containers that help to assemble components from different projects into a cohesive application. Underlying these containers is a common pattern to how they perform the wiring, a concept they refer under the very generic name of "Inversion of Control". In this article I dig
GUI Architectures
There have been many different ways to organize the code for a rich client system. Here I discuss a selection of those that I feel have been the most influential and introduce how they relate to the patterns. 18 July 2006 This is part of the Further Enterprise Application Architecture development writing that I was doing in the mid 2000’s. Sadly too many other things have claimed my attention sinc
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