Introducing Ezno
Ezno is an experimental compiler I have been working on and off for a while. In short, it is a JavaScript compiler featuring checking, correctness and performance for building full-stack (rendering on the client and server) websites. This post is just an overview of some of the features I have been working on which I think are quite cool as well an overview on the project philosophy ;) It is still
ソースコード & ドキュメントに対応したGraph RAGの実装（Tree-sitter + LightRAG）
(module (function_definition (identifier) # ← ここに関数名「sample_func」が含まれます (parameters) (block (expression_statement (call (identifier) (argument_list (string)))))) (expression_statement (call (identifier) (argument_list)))) ノードが色々取れましたが、「function_definition」が関数、その子である「identifier」が関数名を表すため、 function_definition == 子ノード ==> identifier となっている箇所を探索すれば抽出できます（関数ではあっても「lambda」など異なる場合もあります）。 今回は上記のようにTree-si
Rewriting the Ruby parser
At Shopify, we have spent the last year writing a new Ruby parser, which we’ve called YARP (Yet Another Ruby Parser). As of the date of this post, YARP can parse a semantically equivalent syntax tree to Ruby 3.3 on every Ruby file in Shopify’s main codebase, GitHub’s main codebase, CRuby, and the 100 most popular gems downloaded from rubygems.org. We recently got approval to merge this work into C
Golang Mini Reference 2022: A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY)
Golang Mini Reference 2022 A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY) Harry Yoon Version 0.9.0, 2022-08-24 REVIEW COPY This is review copy, not to be shared or distributed to others. Please forward any feedback or comments to the author. • feedback@codingbookspress.com The book is tentatively scheduled to be published on September 14th, 2022. We hope that when the release da
syntaxdesign
One of the most recognizable features of a languages is its syntax. What are some of the things about syntax that matter? What questions might you ask if you were creating a syntax for your own language? Motivation A programming language gives us a way structure our thoughts. Each program, has a kind of internal structure, for example: How can we capture this structure? One way is directly, via pi
Agentic GraphRAG for Commercial Contracts | Towards Data Science
In every business, legal contracts are foundational documents that define the relationships, obligations, and responsibilities between parties. Whether it’s a partnership agreement, an NDA, or a supplier contract, these documents often contain critical information that drives decision-making, risk management, and compliance. However, navigating and extracting insights from these contracts can be a
Patterns for Building LLM-based Systems & Products [ llm engineering production 🔥 ] · 66 min read Discussions on HackerNews, Twitter, and LinkedIn “There is a large class of problems that are easy to imagine and build demos for, but extremely hard to make products out of. For example, self-driving: It’s easy to demo a car self-driving around a block, but making it into a product takes a decade.”
The Go Programming Language and Environment – Communications of the ACM
Go is a programming language created at Google in late 2007 and released as open source in November 2009. Since then, it has operated as a public project, with contributions from thousands of individuals and dozens of companies. Go has become a popular language for building cloud infrastructure: Docker, a Linux container manager, and Kubernetes, a container deployment system, are core cloud techno
Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems With Language Models
Solving Quantitative Reasoning Problems with Language Models Aitor Lewkowycz∗, Anders Andreassen†, David Dohan†, Ethan Dyer†, Henryk Michalewski†, Vinay Ramasesh†, Ambrose Slone, Cem Anil, Imanol Schlag, Theo Gutman-Solo, Yuhuai Wu, Behnam Neyshabur∗, Guy Gur-Ari∗, and Vedant Misra∗ Google Research Abstract Language models have achieved remarkable performance on a wide range of tasks that require
The Andrej Karpathy episode. Andrej explains why reinforcement learning is terrible (but everything else is much worse), why model collapse prevents LLMs from learning the way humans do, why AGI will just blend into the previous ~2.5 centuries of 2% GDP growth, why self driving took so long to crack, and what he sees as the future of education. Watch on YouTube; listen on Apple Podcasts or Spotify
25th May 2025 Anthropic publish most of the system prompts for their chat models as part of their release notes. They recently shared the new prompts for both Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4. I enjoyed digging through the prompts, since they act as a sort of unofficial manual for how best to use these tools. Here are my highlights, including a dive into the leaked tool prompts that Anthropic did
arXiv:2506.12115v1 [cs.CL] 13 Jun 2025 Eliciting Reasoning in Language Models with Cognitive Tools Brown Ebouky IBM Research - Zurich ETH Zurich Brown.Ebouky@ibm.com Andrea Bartezzaghi IBM Research - Zurich abt@zurich.ibm.com Mattia Rigotti IBM Research - Zurich mrg@zurich.ibm.com Abstract The recent advent of reasoning models like OpenAI’s o1 was met with excited spec- ulation by the AI community
State of the Common Lisp ecosystem, 2020 🎉 - Lisp journey
NEW: 9 videos (86min) about CLOS on my Common Lisp course. Out of 7h+ of content. Rated 4.7/5. Learn more and stay tuned. 🎥 I also have cool Lisp showcases on Youtube . The last ones: how to build a web app in Common Lisp, part 1 and 2. This is a description of the Common Lisp ecosystem, as of January, 2021, from the perspective of a user and contributor. The purpose of this article is both to gi
prompts.chat
Welcome to the “Awesome ChatGPT Prompts” repository! While this collection was originally created for ChatGPT, these prompts work great with other AI models like Claude, Gemini, Hugging Face Chat, Llama, Mistral, and more. ChatGPT is a web interface created by OpenAI that provides access to their GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) language models. The underlying models, like GPT-4o and GPT-o
Understanding the core class design and usage via its evolution Years ago, my studies into the Ruby Evolution started with the persuasion that mastering the programming language to express one’s intentions clearly and efficiently may grow significantly by understanding how it evolved and what intentions were put behind its various elements. Moving back through the history of a change of some eleme
A professional programmer delivers value through the authoring and maintaining of software that solves problems. (There are other important ways for professional programmers to deliver value but this post is about programming.) Programmers rely on various tools to author software. Arguably the most important and consequential choice of tool is the programming language. In this post, I will articul
Python behind the scenes #11: how the Python import system works
If you ask me to name the most misunderstood aspect of Python, I will answer without a second thought: the Python import system. Just remember how many times you used relative imports and got something like ImportError: attempted relative import with no known parent package; or tried to figure out how to structure a project so that all the imports work correctly; or hacked sys.path when you couldn
Plan 9 Desktop Guide
PLAN 9 DESKTOP GUIDE INDEX What is Plan 9? Limitations and Workarounds Connecting to Other Systems VNC RDP SSH 9P Other methods Porting Applications Emulating other Operating Systems Virtualizing other Operating Systems Basics Window Management Copy Pasting Essential Programs Manipulating Text in the Terminal Acme - The Do It All Application Multiple Workspaces Tiling Windows Plumbing System Admin
Following up from the last post, there is a lot more we need to cover. This was intended to be the post where we talk exclusively about benchmarks and numbers. But, I have unfortunately been perfectly taunted and status-locked, like a monster whose “aggro” was pulled by a tank. The reason, of course, is due to a few folks taking issue with my outright dismissal of the C and C++ APIs (and not showi
Over the past decade, my work has centred on partnering with teams to build ambitious products for the web across both desktop and mobile. This has provided a ring-side seat to a sweeping variety of teams, products, and technology stacks across more than 100 engagements. While I'd like to be spending most of this time working through improvements to web APIs, the majority of time spent with partne
Tuesday, September 13, 2022 :: Tagged under: engineering. ⏰ 11 minutes. Hey! Thanks for reading! Just a reminder that I wrote this some years ago, and may have much more complicated feelings about this topic than I did when I wrote it. Happy to elaborate, feel free to reach out to me! 😄 🎵 The song for this post is I, Don Quixote from the musical Man of La Mancha, composed by Mitch Leigh and Joe
Python behind the scenes #6: how Python object system works
As we know from the previous parts of this series, the execution of a Python program consists of two major steps: The CPython compiler translates Python code to bytecode. The CPython VM executes the bytecode. We've been focusing on the second step for quite a while. In part 4 we've looked at the evaluation loop, a place where Python bytecode gets executed. And in part 5 we've studied how the VM ex
When Open Becomes Opaque: The Changing Face of Open-Source Hardware Companies
July 12, 2023 AT 1:00 pm When Open Becomes Opaque: The Changing Face of Open-Source Hardware Companies Over the last 15+ years, innovative electronics companies have designed and released thousands of open-source hardware designs, creating a flourishing industry. Open-source hardware companies collectively created, and signed the open-source hardware definition which means products meet a uniform
Here is a list of common JavaScript interview questions with detailed answers to help you prepare for the interview as a JavaScript developer. JavaScript continues to be a cornerstone of web development, powering dynamic and interactive experiences across the web. As the language evolves, so does the complexity and scope of interview questions for JavaScript developers. Whether you’re a fresher de
Python behind the scenes #12: how async/await works in Python
Mark functions as async. Call them with await. All of a sudden, your program becomes asynchronous – it can do useful things while it waits for other things, such as I/O operations, to complete. Code written in the async/await style looks like regular synchronous code but works very differently. To understand how it works, one should be familiar with many non-trivial concepts including concurrency,
Automated Hydroponic System Build – Projects | Kyle Gabriel
Last Updated: August 28, 2022 Hydroponic farming is a method of growing crops without soil, with the main benefits of environmental and nutrient control, water conservation, and reduction of labor. This technique relies on a number of technologies that the principles of automation can be applied in order to improve yield and consistency. In this article and accompanying video, I’ll show you how to
charity.wtf
charity.wtf charity wtf's about technology, databases, startups, engineering management, and whiskey. I wrote a lot of blog posts over my time at Parse, but they all evaporated after Facebook killed the product. Most of them I didn’t care about (there were, ahem, a lot of “service reliability updates”), but I was mad about losing one specific piece, a deceptively casual retrospective of the grueli
DisclaimerThese are my own views, not necessarily those of my employer. SummaryLarge language models (LLMs) represent a major advance in artificial intelligence (AI), and in particular toward the goal of human-like artificial general intelligence (AGI). It’s sometimes claimed, though, that machine learning is “just statistics”, hence that progress in AI is illusory with regard to this grander ambi
Schedule Amazon RDS stop and start using AWS Lambda | Amazon Web Services
AWS Database Blog Schedule Amazon RDS stop and start using AWS Lambda Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) makes it easy to set up, operate, and scale a relational database in the cloud. Traditional relational databases require time spent on capacity planning, maintenance, backup, and recovery; a substantial amount of a database administrator’s time is lost to these tasks. Amazon RDS he
Rill | The Open Table Format Revolution: Why Hyperscalers Are Betting on Managed Iceberg
Wondering why open table formats are suddenly booming? Why is AWS investing heavily in making Iceberg tables on S3, and why did Databricks pay a reported $2B to acquire Tabular? The answers might change how we think about data architecture. Historically, object storage like Amazon S3 or R2 was used as inexpensive, scalable storage for unstructured files, while structured data typically went to dat
Python Interview Questions
Here is a list of common Python interview questions with detailed answers to help you prepare for the interview as a Python developer. Python, with its versatile use cases and straightforward syntax, has seen its popularity growing continuously in software development, data science, artificial intelligence, and many other fields. As such, interviews for Python-related positions are designed not on
2022 has seen many languages created to rival C++. Lucian Radu Teodorescu reports on the current state of the art. C++ is a peculiar programming language. It is one of the most used programming languages, and yet it is one of the most criticised. According to TIOBE index [TIOBE22], for 30 years, C++ has been in the top 4 programming languages (using a 12-month average). See also Figure 1 (the TIOB
IntroductionA couple weeks back in our blog on ChatGPT plugins we talked about the potential for plugins to help expand ChatGPT’s functionality by allowing it to leverage third-party resources to act upon the conversations that you have with it. The value for these plugins is greatest when they help make up for a current short-coming that ChatGPT has. For example ChatGPT is built on top of GPT 4.
Django for Startup Founders: A better software architecture for SaaS startups and consumer apps
In an ideal world, startups would be easy. We'd run our idea by some potential customers, build the product, and then immediately ride that sweet exponential growth curve off into early retirement. Of course it doesn't actually work like that. Not even a little. In real life, even startups that go on to become billion-dollar companies typically go through phases like: Having little or no growth fo
Introducing Bash for Beginners - Microsoft Open Source Blog
A new Microsoft video series for developers learning how to script. According to Stack Overflow 2022 Developer Survey, Bash is one of the top 10 most popular technologies. This shouldn’t come as a surprise, given the popularity of using Linux systems with the Bash shell readily installed, across many tech stacks and the cloud. On Azure, more than 50 percent of virtual machine (VM) cores run on Lin
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Patterns for Building LLM-based Systems & Products
Andrej Karpathy — AGI is still a decade away
Highlights from the Claude 4 system prompt
Eliciting Reasoning in Language Models with Cognitive Tools
How it became like this? Ruby Range class
Gregory Szorc's Digital Home | Rust is for Professionals
cuneicode, and the Future of Text in C
If Not React, Then What? - Infrequently Noted
🤓 So you're using a weird language 🧠
JavaScript Interview Questions
Do large language models understand us?
The Year of C++ Successor Languages
How to Create Your Own ChatGPT Plugin | Weaviate