Last week, I built a tiny Linux system from scratch, and booted it on my laptop! Here’s what it looked like: Let me tell you how I got there. I wanted to learn more about how the Linux kernel works, and what’s involved in booting it. So I set myself the goal to cobble together the bare neccessities required to boot into a working shell. In the end, I had a tiny Linux system with a size of 2.5 MB,
Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀 This is a free Rust course developed by the Android team at Google. The course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced topics like generics and error handling. The latest version of the course can be found at https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/. If you are reading somewhere else, please check there for updates. The course is availab
Don't write clean code, write CRISP code — Bitfield Consulting
I’m sure we’re all in favour of “clean code”, but it’s one of those motherhood-and-apple-pie things that no one can reasonably disagree with. Who wants to write dirty code, unless maybe it’s for a porn site? The problem, of course, is that few of us can agree on what “clean code” means, and how to get there. A rule like “methods should only do one thing”, looks great on a T-shirt, but it’s not so
Fish 4.0: The Fish Of Theseus
About two years ago, our head maintainer @ridiculousfish opened what quickly became our most-read pull request: #9512 - Rewrite it in Rust Truth be told, we did not quite expect that to be as popular as it was. It was written as a bit of an in-joke for the fish developers first, and not really as a press release to be shared far and wide. We didn’t post it anywhere, but other people did, and we go
The end of classical computer science is coming, and most of us are dinosaurs waiting for the meteor to hit. I came of age in the 1980s, programming personal computers such as the Commodore VIC-20 and Apple ][e at home. Going on to study computer science (CS) in college and ultimately getting a Ph.D. at Berkeley, the bulk of my professional training was rooted in what I will call “classical” CS: p
Mojo may be the biggest programming language advance in decades – fast.ai
I remember the first time I used the v1.0 of Visual Basic. Back then, it was a program for DOS. Before it, writing programs was extremely complex and I’d never managed to make much progress beyond the most basic toy applications. But with VB, I drew a button on the screen, typed in a single line of code that I wanted to run when that button was clicked, and I had a complete application I could now
Announcing WASIXWASIX extends the WASI proposal to build useful and productive applications today with full POSIX compatibility Today we are very excited to launch a new initiative that will start shaping the future of WebAssembly on both the browser and the server. WASI was announced about 4 years ago and was a great push to move the Wasm community forward. It got everyone so excited that even So
Functional programming is finally going mainstream Object-oriented and imperative programming aren’t going away, but functional programming is finding its way into more codebases. Klint Finley // July 12, 2022 Paul Louth had a great development team at Meddbase, the healthcare software company he founded in 2005. But as the company grew, so did their bug count. That’s expected, up to a point. More
Hello everyone, Asahi Lina here!✨ marcan asked me to write an article about the M1 GPU, so here we are~! It’s been a long road over the past few months and there’s a lot to cover, so I hope you enjoy it! What’s a GPU?You probably know what a GPU is, but do you know how they work under the hood? Let’s take a look! Almost all modern GPUs have the same main components: A bunch of shader cores, which
Assessing Claude Mythos Preview’s cybersecurity capabilities April 7, 2026 Nicholas Carlini, Newton Cheng, Keane Lucas, Michael Moore, Milad Nasr, Vinay Prabhushankar, Winnie Xiao Hakeem Angulu, Evyatar Ben Asher, Jackie Bow, Keir Bradwell, Ben Buchanan, David Forsythe, Daniel Freeman, Alex Gaynor, Xinyang Ge, Logan Graham, Kyla Guru, Hasnain Lakhani, Matt McNiece, Mojtaba Mehrara, Renee Nichol, A
Replit — Comparing Code Editors: Ace, CodeMirror and Monaco
EngineeringInfrastructureAce, CodeMirror, and Monaco: A Comparison of the Code Editors You Use in the Browser I’ve been working on Replit for roughly six years now, and as the team has grown, I’ve focused on the IDE (what we call the workspace) portion of the product. Naturally, I was increasingly preoccupied with the code editor. While we’ve considered creating a code editor that meets our needs,
The New Internet: Tailscale's Vision for the Future of Connectivity
Avery Pennarun is the CEO and co-founder of Tailscale. A version of this post was originally presented at a company all-hands. We don’t talk a lot in public about the big vision for Tailscale, why we’re really here. Usually I prefer to focus on what exists right now, and what we’re going to do in the next few months. The future can be distracting. But increasingly, I’ve found companies are startin
Programming is an iterative process. As much as we would like to come up with the perfect solution from the start, it rarely works that way. Good programs often begin as quick prototypes. While many experiments remain prototypes, the best programs can evolve into production code. Whether you’re writing games, CLI tools, or designing library APIs, prototyping helps tremendously in finding the best
Happy New Year everyone! In late December 2023 (Christmas Day to be precise), CPython core developer Brandt Bucher submitted a little pull-request to the Python 3.13 branch adding a JIT compiler. This change, once accepted would be one of the biggest changes to the CPython Interpreter since the Specializing Adaptive Interpreter added in Python 3.11 (which was also from Brandt along with Mark Shann
TL;DR; We are changing std::sort in LLVM’s libcxx. That’s a long story of what it took us to get there and all possible consequences, bugs you might encounter with examples from open source. We provide some benchmarks, perspective, why we did this in the first place and what it cost us with exciting ideas from Hyrum’s Law to reinforcement learning. All changes went into open source and thus I can
31st December 2024 A lot has happened in the world of Large Language Models over the course of 2024. Here’s a review of things we figured out about the field in the past twelve months, plus my attempt at identifying key themes and pivotal moments. This is a sequel to my review of 2023. In this article: The GPT-4 barrier was comprehensively broken Some of those GPT-4 models run on my laptop LLM pri
Yesterday I was thinking about how long it took me to get a colorscheme in my terminal that I was mostly happy with (SO MANY YEARS), and it made me wonder what about terminal colours made it so hard. So I asked people on Mastodon what problems they’ve run into with colours in the terminal, and I got a ton of interesting responses! Let’s talk about some of the problems and a few possible ways to fi
Gamedev in Lisp. Part 1: ECS and Metalinguistic Abstraction - cl-fast-ecs by Andrew
Gamedev in Lisp. Part 1: ECS and Metalinguistic Abstraction In this series of tutorials, we will delve into creating simple 2D games in Common Lisp. The result of the first part will be a development environment setup and a basic simulation displaying a 2D scene with a large number of physical objects. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with some high-level programming language, has a gener
Notes by djb on using Fil-C (2025) I'm impressed with the level of compatibility of the new memory-safe C/C++ compiler Fil-C (filcc, fil++). Many libraries and applications that I've tried work under Fil-C without changes, and the exceptions haven't been hard to get working. I've accumulated miscellaneous notes on this page regarding usage of Fil-C. My selfish objective here is to protect various
Examples Roc is a young language. It doesn't even have a numbered release yet, just nightly builds! However, it can already be used for several things if you're up for being an early adopter— with all the bugs and missing features which come with that territory. Here are some examples of how it can be used today. Command-Line Interfaces main! = |args| Stdout.line!("Hello!") You can use Roc to crea
CUPID: for joyful coding
What started as lighthearted iconoclasm, poking at the bear of SOLID, has developed into something more concrete and tangible. If I do not think the SOLID principles are useful these days, then what would I replace them with? Can any set of principles hold for all software? What do we even mean by principles? I believe that there are properties or characteristics of software that make it a joy to
Go’s place between C and Python in terms of abstraction and garbage collection memory management model has made it attractive to programmers looking for a fast but reasonably high level language. However, there is no free lunch. Go’s abstractions, especially with regards to allocation, come with a cost. This article will show ways to measure and reduce this cost. Measuring On posts about performan
Golang Mini Reference 2022: A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY)
Golang Mini Reference 2022 A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY) Harry Yoon Version 0.9.0, 2022-08-24 REVIEW COPY This is review copy, not to be shared or distributed to others. Please forward any feedback or comments to the author. • feedback@codingbookspress.com The book is tentatively scheduled to be published on September 14th, 2022. We hope that when the release da
This blog post hopes to convince you that Python is a compiled language. And by “Python”, I don’t mean alternate versions of Python like PyPy, Mypyc, Numba, Cinder, or even Python-like programming languages like Cython, Codon, Mojo1—I mean the regular Python: CPython! The Python that is probably installed on your computer right now. The Python that you got when you searched “python” on Google and
Syntax Highlighting in Hand-Coded Websites The problem I have been trying to identify practical reasons why hand-coding websites with HTML and CSS is so hard (by hand-coding, I mean not relying on frameworks, generators or 3rd party scripts that modify the DOM). Let's say, I want to make a blog. What are the actual things that prevent me from making—and maintaining—it by hand? What would it take t
syntaxdesign
One of the most recognizable features of a languages is its syntax. What are some of the things about syntax that matter? What questions might you ask if you were creating a syntax for your own language? Motivation A programming language gives us a way structure our thoughts. Each program, has a kind of internal structure, for example: How can we capture this structure? One way is directly, via pi
Most of my readers are probably familiar with procedural programming, object-oriented programming (OOP), and functional programming (FP). The majority of top programming languages on all of the language popularity charts (like TIOBE) support all three to some extent. Even if a programmer avoided one or more of those three paradigms like the plague, they’re likely at least aware of them and what th
Masato Hagiwara Open in Recto Pad Google Colab Github Recto Pad TL;DR Recto is a 2D programming language that uses nested rectangles as its core syntax, encoding structure and recursion directly in space instead of a linear stream of text. Recto explores new ways to write, parse, and reason about code—and even natural language—spatially. Introduction Open in Recto Pad Virtually all the languages w
Blog Home Archive Sections Some of my Favorites (Collections) Management Tips Speaker Tips Developer Relations Thoughts Interop Briefs Some of my Favorites (Individual posts) O/R-M is the Vietnam of Computer Science The Fallacies of Enterprise Computing SSCLI 2.0 Internals Recommended reading list Functional Java On Finding learning The Value of Failure Programming Promises; a Programmer's Hippocr
I thought it would be fun to go outside of my comfort zone of web development topics and write about something completely different and new, something I have never written about before. So today, I'm going to show you how to implement a programming language! The project will parse and execute programs written in a simple language I called my (I know it's a lame name, but hey, it is "my" language).
Motivation Introduction User input strace Printing non-printable stty raw -echo -isig UTF-8 Conclusion Motivation This blog series explains how modern terminals and command-line tools work. The primary goal here is to learn by experimenting. I’ll provide Linux tools to debug every component mentioned in the discussion. Our focus is to discover how things work. For the explanation of why things wor
Show navigation A recent article on WebAssembly Garbage Collection (WasmGC) explains at a high level how the Garbage Collection (GC) proposal aims to better support GC languages in Wasm, which is very important given their popularity. In this article, we will get into the technical details of how GC languages such as Java, Kotlin, Dart, Python, and C# can be ported to Wasm. There are in fact two m
Agent Skills対応Agentを作ろう｜はち
1. はじめに2025年末にAnthropicがAgent Skillsという機能をオープンスタンダード化し、Xなどでもよく話題になっていると思います。MCP然りでAnthropicはこういったスタンダード化をするのが上手いなと感心させられます。 色々議論されていると思いますが、Agentの開発を行っている私的にAgent Skillsのメリットは以下の2点だと考えています。 再利用性：1度作ったSkillを別エージェントでも使いやすい。 段階的開示(progressive disclosure)：そのSkillが必要になったときだけその詳細やスクリプトについてAgentが読み込むことができる。（プロンプトの圧縮につながる。） AnthropicとしてはあくまでClaude CodeやClaude APIでできることを増やしたいがためのオープンスタンダード化ということなのか、自作Agent
Over the course of my Spring 2020 semester at Harvey Mudd College, I developed a self-hosting compiler entirely from scratch. This article walks through many interesting parts of the project. It’s laid out so you can just read from beginning to end, but if you’re more interested in a particular topic, feel free to jump there. Or, take a look at the project on GitHub. Table of contents What the pro
claude-cycles.dvi
Claude’s Cycles Don Knuth, Stanford Computer Science Department (28 February 2026; revised 06 March 2026) Shock! Shock! I learned yesterday that an open problem I’d been working on for several weeks had just been solved by Claude Opus 4.6—Anthropic’s hybrid reasoning model that had been released three weeks earlier! It seems that I’ll have to revise my opinions about “generative AI” one of these d
PyTorch discloses malicious dependency chain compromise over holidays
HomeNewsSecurityPyTorch discloses malicious dependency chain compromise over holidays PyTorch has identified a malicious dependency with the same name as the framework's 'torchtriton' library. This has led to a successful compromise via the dependency confusion attack vector. PyTorch admins are warning users who installed PyTorch-nightly over the holidays to uninstall the framework and the counter
Fast and Portable Llama2 Inference on the Heterogeneous Edge
Fast and Portable Llama2 Inference on the Heterogeneous EdgeNov 09, 2023 • 12 minutes to read The Rust+Wasm stack provides a strong alternative to Python in AI inference. Compared with Python, Rust+Wasm apps could be 1/100 of the size, 100x the speed, and most importantly securely run everywhere at full hardware acceleration without any change to the binary code. Rust is the language of AGI. We cr
A Walk with LuaJIT
The following is a chronicle of implementing a general purpose zero-instrumentation BPF based profiler for LuaJIT. Some assumptions are made about what this entails and it may be helpful to read some of our other work in this area. One major change from prior efforts is that instead of working with the original Parca unwinder we are now working with the OpenTelemetry eBPF profiler. If you missed t
Meta’s Systematic Code and Asset Removal Framework (SCARF) has a subsystem for identifying and removing dead code. SCARF combines static and dynamic analysis of programs to detect dead code from both a business and programming language perspective. SCARF automatically creates change requests that delete the dead code identified from the program analysis, minimizing developer costs. In our last blo
Since I was unable to travel for a couple of years during the pandemic, I decided to take my new-found time and really lean into Rust. After writing over 100k lines of Rust code, I think I am starting to get a feel for the language and like every cranky engineer I have developed opinions and because this is the Internet I’m going to share them. The reason I learned Rust was to flesh out parts of t
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Building a tiny Linux from scratch
Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀 - Comprehensive Rust 🦀
The End of Programming – Communications of the ACM
Announcing WASIX · Blog · Wasmer
Functional programming is finally going mainstream
Tales of the M1 GPU - Asahi Linux
Claude Mythos Preview \ red.anthropic.com
Prototyping in Rust | corrode Rust Consulting
Python 3.13 gets a JIT
Changing std::sort at Google’s Scale and Beyond
Things we learned about LLMs in 2024
Terminal colours are tricky
Notes by djb on using Fil-C (2025)
The Roc Programming Language
Reducing Memory Allocations in Golang
Python is a Compiled Language
Font with Built-In Syntax Highlighting
Implementing Logic Programming
Recto — a truly 2D language
You Want Modules, Not Microservices
Building a Toy Programming Language in Python
How terminal works. Part 1: Xterm, user input
A new way to bring garbage collected programming languages efficiently to WebAssembly · V8
Kalyn: a self-hosting compiler for x86-64
Automating dead code cleanup
Rust: A Critical Retrospective « bunnie's blog