This article is about the measure. For other uses, see Jaro. In computer science and statistics, the Jaro–Winkler similarity is a string metric measuring an edit distance between two sequences. It is a variant of the Jaro distance metric[1] (1989, Matthew A. Jaro) proposed in 1990 by William E. Winkler.[2] The Jaro–Winkler distance uses a prefix scale which gives more favourable ratings to strings
The most simple deterministic record linkage strategy would be to pick a single identifier that is assumed to be uniquely identifying, say SSN, and declare that records sharing the same value identify the same person while records not sharing the same value identify different people. In this example, deterministic linkage based on SSN would create entities based on A1 and A2; A3 and B1; and A4. Wh
Visualisation of the Box–Muller transform — the coloured points in the unit square (u1, u2), drawn as circles, are mapped to a 2D Gaussian (z0, z1), drawn as crosses. The plots at the margins are the probability distribution functions of z0 and z1. z0 and z1 are unbounded; they appear to be in [−2.5, 2.5] due to the choice of the illustrated points. In the SVG file, hover over a point to highlight
An example of a binary hash tree. Hashes 0-0 and 0-1 are the hash values of data blocks L1 and L2, respectively, and hash 0 is the hash of the concatenation of hashes 0-0 and 0-1. In cryptography and computer science, a hash tree or Merkle tree is a tree in which every "leaf" node is labelled with the cryptographic hash of a data block, and every node that is not a leaf (called a branch, inner nod
"NMAC" redirects here. For the Nissan Motor Acceptance Corp, see Nissan USA. HMAC-SHA1 generation In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key. As with any MAC, it may be used to si
In anomaly detection, the local outlier factor (LOF) is an algorithm proposed by Markus M. Breunig, Hans-Peter Kriegel, Raymond T. Ng and Jörg Sander in 2000 for finding anomalous data points by measuring the local deviation of a given data point with respect to its neighbours.[1] LOF shares some concepts with DBSCAN and OPTICS such as the concepts of "core distance" and "reachability distance", w
Not to be confused with Dantzig's simplex algorithm for the problem of linear optimization. An iteration of the Nelder-Mead method over two-dimensional space. Search over the Rosenbrock banana function Search over Himmelblau's function Nelder–Mead minimum search of Simionescu's function. Simplex vertices are ordered by their value, with 1 having the lowest (best) value. The Nelder–Mead method (als
Discounted cumulative gain (DCG) is a measure of ranking quality in information retrieval. It is often normalized so that it is comparable across queries, giving Normalized DCG (nDCG or NDCG). NDCG is often used to measure effectiveness of search engine algorithms and related applications. Using a graded relevance scale of documents in a search-engine result set, DCG sums the usefulness, or gain,
The blogosphere is made up of all blogs and their interconnections. The term implies that blogs exist together as a connected community (or as a collection of connected communities) or as a social networking service in which everyday authors can publish their opinions and views. History[edit] The term was coined on September 10, 1999 by Brad L. Graham, as a joke.[1][2] It was re-coined in 2002 by
The Lanczos algorithm is an iterative method devised by Cornelius Lanczos that is an adaptation of power methods to find the "most useful" (tending towards extreme highest/lowest) eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an Hermitian matrix, where is often but not necessarily much smaller than .[1] Although computationally efficient in principle, the method as initially formulated was not useful, due to it
Estimation of distribution algorithm. For each iteration i, a random draw is performed for a population P in a distribution PDu. The distribution parameters PDe are then estimated using the selected points PS. The illustrated example optimizes a continuous objective function f(X) with a unique optimum O. The sampling (following a normal distribution N) concentrates around the optimum as one goes a
A van Emde Boas tree (Dutch pronunciation: [vɑn ˈɛmdə ˈboːɑs]), also known as a vEB tree or van Emde Boas priority queue, is a tree data structure which implements an associative array with m-bit integer keys. It was invented by a team led by Dutch computer scientist Peter van Emde Boas in 1975.[1] It performs all operations in O(log m) time (assuming that an bit operation can be performed in cons
Black Friday is the Friday after Thanksgiving in the United States. It traditionally marks the start of the Christmas shopping season in the United States. Many stores offer highly promoted sales at discounted prices and often open early, sometimes as early as midnight[2] or even on Thanksgiving. Some stores' sales continue to Monday ("Cyber Monday") or for a week ("Cyber Week"). Black Friday is t
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