The Math of Card ShufflingRiffling from factory order to complete randomness. You’ve probably seen a few ways to shuffle a deck of cards. Sometimes the deck is split in half and the halves are switched. Sometimes the deck is smooshed until it’s all mixed up. But most of the time, a deck of cards is shuffled using a riffle. Here’s a question: how many times do you have to riffle a deck of cards bef
A letter from Lewis Carroll to Nature, March 31, 1887: Having hit upon the following method of mentally computing the day of the week for any given date, I send it you in the hope that it may interest some of your readers. I am not a rapid computer myself, and as I find my average time for doing any such question is about 20 seconds, I have little doubt that a rapid computer would not need 15. Tak
LogiCola is a software designed to help students learn logic. It was created by Harry Gensler, who also authored Introduction to Logic (Routledge 2017, 2010, 2002), one of the most well-known textbooks in the field, for introductory and intermediate logic courses. The textbook and software are still present in many introductory courses to logic around the world. Including the one taught at my univ
In decision theory and estimation theory, Stein's example (also known as Stein's phenomenon or Stein's paradox) is the observation that when three or more parameters are estimated simultaneously, there exist combined estimators more accurate on average (that is, having lower expected mean squared error) than any method that handles the parameters separately. It is named after Charles Stein of Stan
Book: Alice’s Adventures in a differentiable wonderland Neural networks surround us, in the form of large language models, speech transcription systems, molecular discovery algorithms, robotics, and much more. Stripped of anything else, neural networks are compositions of differentiable primitives, and studying them means learning how to program and how to interact with these models, a particular
Once we hit 6174 the sequence starts repeating, as the result of applying this “biggest digit-arrangement minus smallest digit-arrangement” operation to 6174, is 6174 itself. Or in maths parlance: 6174 is a fixed point of this operation. Now here’s the kicker: as long as the starting number is not a single repeated digit, we can start from any 4-digit number and the sequence will always reach 6174
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