Script-injected "async scripts" considered harmful - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on May 20, 2014 Synchronous scripts are bad because they force the browser to block DOM construction, fetch the script, and execute it before the browser can continue processing the rest of the page. This, of course, should not be news, and is the reason why we have been evangelizing the use of asynchronous scripts. Here is the canonical example: <!-- BAD: blocking external script
Optimizing Web Font Rendering Performance - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on January 31, 2014 Web font adoption continues to accelerate across the web: according to HTTP Archive, ~37% of top 300K sites are using web fonts as of early 2014, which translates to a 2x+ increase over the past twelve months. Of course, this should not be all that surprising to most of us. Typography has always been an important part of good design, branding, and readability a
Chrome Networking: DNS Prefetch & TCP Preconnect - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on June 04, 2012 When you think about browser performance the JavaScript VM wars is the first thing that comes to mind. Arguably rightfully so, since we are building far richer and more ambitious client-side apps in the browser. In fact, according to HTTP Archive the average page has nearly doubled the amount of JavaScript code just in the past year (up to 194kB). However, during
Optimizing NGINX TLS Time To First Byte (TTTFB) - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on December 16, 2013 Network latency is one of our primary performance bottlenecks on the web. In the worst case, new navigation requires a DNS lookup, TCP handshake, two roundtrips to negotiate the TLS tunnel, and finally a minimum of another roundtrip for the actual HTTP request and response — that's five network roundtrips to get the first few bytes of the HTML document! Modern
Automating DPR switching with Client-Hints - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on August 29, 2013 Note: Updated Oct 30, 2013 to reflect new Client Hints draft. High-density displays pack multiple physical pixels per CSS pixel, and the ratio between the two is known as the device pixel ratio (DPR). To deliver the best visual quality, a HiDPI image that matches the DPR value of the device should be served to the client. The question is, how? The answer to date
Faster Web vs. TCP Slow-Start - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on October 20, 2011 Ever obsess about trying to find the "best and fastest" internet provider? Having recently gone through the marketing vortex of comparing a dozen different plans, I was then reminded of a simple fact: the primary metric (bandwidth) used by the industry is actually highly misleading. It turns out, for most web-browsing use cases, an internet connection over seve
Innovating with HTTP 2.0 Server Push - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on June 12, 2013 HTTP 2.0 enables the server to send multiple responses (in parallel) for a single client request - aka, server push. Except, why would we ever want to do such a thing? Well, an average page requires dozens of additional assets, such as JavaScript, CSS, and images, and references to all of these assets are embedded in the very HTML that the server is producing! Hen
High Performance Networking in Google Chrome - igvita.com
The following is a draft chapter for the upcoming "The Performance of Open Source Applications" (POSA), a sequel to The Architecture of Open Source Applications. POSA is a collection of essays about performance optimization, designing for performance, managing performance as part of a development process, and more. The book will be published in Spring 2013 under a Creative Commons license with roy
DevTools Tips and Tricks
A whirlwind tour of DevTools tips and tricks Part I: DevTools tips, tricks and awesome features (video) Part II: Extending DevTools, Debug Protocol, Extensions, ... (video) Follow along @ bit.ly/devtools-tips Elements & Console Drag & Drop to reorder elements $0 to inspect selected element in console Break on node removal - delete me cmd-? to become a keyboard ninja Customize your settings! Disab
Web Fonts Performance: Making Pretty, Fast - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on September 12, 2012 The use of web fonts is surging. Just over the last year, the use of web fonts has doubled from ~6% to over ~12% according to the HTTP Archive. In the same time, Google Web Fonts has seen a 10x in the amount of requests, recently crossing 1B font views per day across 100M+ web pages. And there are no signs of slowdown in the adoption. Historically, web fonts
Web Performance Power Tool: HTTP Archive (HAR) - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on August 28, 2012 When it comes to analyzing page performance, the network waterfall tab of your favorite HTTP monitoring tool (e.g. Chrome Dev Tools, Firebug, Fiddler, etc) is arguably the single most useful power tool at our disposal. Now, wouldn't it be nice if we could export the waterfall for better bug reports, performance monitoring, or later in-depth analysis? Well, good
Building a Modern Web Stack for the Real-time Web - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on January 18, 2012 The web is evolving. After a few years of iteration the WebSockets spec is finally here (RFC 6455), and as of late 2011 both Chrome and Firefox are SPDY capable. These additions are much more than just "enhancing AJAX", as we now have true real-time communication in the browser: stream multiplexing, flow control, framing, and significant latency and performance
Fibers & Cooperative Scheduling in Ruby - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on May 13, 2009 Continuations have been a part of the Ruby API for quite some time, but for a variety of reasons have not seen much practical use: early Ruby 1.8 implementations suffered from serious memory leak problems, which were consequently mostly resolved, and the somewhat academic nature of the concept didn't help either. However, with the production versions of Ruby 1.9 ou
Optimizing HTTP: Keep-alive and Pipelining - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on October 04, 2011 The last major update to the HTTP spec dates back to 1999, at which time RFC 2616 standardized HTTP 1.1 and introduced the much needed keep-alive and pipelining support. Whereas HTTP 1.0 required strict "single request per connection" model, HTTP 1.1 reversed this behavior: by default, an HTTP 1.1 client and server keep the connection open, unless the client in
Stream(SQL) Event Processing with Esper - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on May 27, 2011 The growth of both the types and the amount of data generated by servers, users, and applications have resulted in a number of recent trends and innovations: NoSQL, rise of popularity of Hadoop, and dozens of higher-level map-reduce frameworks. However, the batch-processing model imposed by map-reduce style of processing is not always a great fit either, especially
Routing with Ruby & ZeroMQ Devices - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on November 17, 2010 ZeroMQ sockets provide message-oriented messaging, support for multiple transports, transparent setup and teardown, and an entire array of routing patterns via different socket types - see quick refresher on ZeroMQ. The combination of these features, as well as the fact that we can bind or connect a single socket to multiple endpoints is what makes ZeroMQ "top
Protocol Buffers, Avro, Thrift & MessagePack - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on August 01, 2011 Perhaps one of the first inescapable observations that a new Google developer (Noogler) makes once they dive into the code is that Protocol Buffers (PB) is the "language of data" at Google. Put simply, Protocol Buffers are used for serialization, RPC, and about everything in between. Initially developed in early 2000's as an optimized server request/response pro
ZeroMQ: Modern & Fast Networking Stack - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on September 03, 2010 Berkeley Sockets (BSD) are the de facto API for all network communication. With roots from the early 1980's, it is the original implementation of the TCP/IP suite, and arguably one of the most widely supported and critical components of any operating system today. BSD sockets that most of us are familiar with are peer-to-peer connections, which require explic
VMware CloudFoundry: Ruby powered PaaS - igvita.com
By Ilya Grigorik on April 14, 2011 Platform as a Service (PaaS) is not a trivial thing to build, deploy, or maintain: first you have to orchestrate all the services internally, then you have abstract all of that work behind a facade, and finally, you have to market, sell it, and maintain it. Not surprisingly, an investment that large has been the domain of only a few well-funded companies. Hence,
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https://www.igvita.com/slides/2012/webperf-crash-course.pdf