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Arrays
Chapter 27. Arrays Newer versions of Bash support one-dimensional arrays. Array elements may be initialized with the variable[xx] notation. Alternatively, a script may introduce the entire array by an explicit declare -a variable statement. To dereference (retrieve the contents of) an array element, use curly bracket notation, that is, ${element[xx]}. #!/bin/bash area[11]=23 area[13]=37 area[51]=U
How to change the title of an xterm
Ric Lister, ric@giccs.georgetown.eduv2.0, 27 October 1999 This document explains how to use escape sequences to dynamically change window and icon titles of an xterm. Examples are given for several shells, and the appendix gives escape sequences for some other terminal types. 1. Where to find this document 2. Static titles 3. Dynamic titles 3.1 xterm escape sequences 3.2 Printing the escape sequen
Parameter Substitution
Manipulating and/or expanding variables ${parameter}Same as $parameter, i.e., value of the variable parameter. In certain contexts, only the less ambiguous ${parameter} form works. May be used for concatenating variables with strings. your_id=${USER}-on-${HOSTNAME} echo "$your_id" # echo "Old \$PATH = $PATH" PATH=${PATH}:/opt/bin # Add /opt/bin to $PATH for duration of script. echo "New \$PATH = $
802.1X Port-Based Authentication HOWTO
This document describes the software and procedures to set up and use IEEE 802.1X Port-Based Network Access Control using Xsupplicant as Supplicant with FreeRADIUS as a back-end Authentication Server. Table of Contents1. Introduction1.1. What is 802.1X?1.2. What is 802.11i?1.3. What is EAP?1.4. EAP authentication methods1.5. What is RADIUS?2. Obtaining Certificates3. Authentication Server: Setting
Text-Terminal-HOWTO: Terminfo and Termcap (detailed)
Next Previous Contents 16. Terminfo and Termcap (detailed) 16.1 Intro to Terminfo Terminfo (formerly Termcap) is a database of terminal capabilities and more. For every (well almost) model of terminal it tells application programs what the terminal is capable of doing. It tells what escape sequences (or control characters) to send to the terminal in order to do things such as move the cursor to a
Internal Variables
Builtin variables:variables affecting bash script behavior $BASHThe path to the Bash binary itself $BASH_ENVAn environmental variable pointing to a Bash startup file to be read when a script is invoked $BASH_SUBSHELLA variable indicating the subshell level. This is a new addition to Bash, version 3. See Example 21-1 for usage. $BASHPIDProcess ID of the current instance of Bash. This is not the sam
Configure the SYSLINUX boot loader
4.3. Configure the SYSLINUX boot loaderSYSLINUX is a boot loader that is installed on a MS-DOS floppy disk. As directed by it's configuration file \SYSLINUX.CFG it will load one of the files from the floppy disk as a Linux kernel. SYSLINUX presents a simple text interface that can be used to select between canned configurations defined in the configuration file and can be used to add parameters to
An Introduction to Programmable Completion
Appendix J. An Introduction to Programmable CompletionThe programmable completion feature in Bash permits typing a partial command, then pressing the [Tab] key to auto-complete the command sequence. [1] If multiple completions are possible, then [Tab] lists them all. Let's see how it works. bash$ xtra[Tab] xtraceroute xtrapin xtrapproto xtraceroute.real xtrapinfo xtrapreset xtrapchar xtrapout xtra
Indirect References
Chapter 28. Indirect References We have seen that referencing a variable, $var, fetches its value. But, what about the value of a value? What about $$var? The actual notation is \$$var, usually preceded by an eval (and sometimes an echo). This is called an indirect reference. #!/bin/bash # ind-ref.sh: Indirect variable referencing. # Accessing the contents of the contents of a variable. # First, l
Catching user input
8.2.1. Using the read built-in commandThe read built-in command is the counterpart of the echo and printf commands. The syntax of the read command is as follows: read [options] NAME1 NAME2 ... NAMEN One line is read from the standard input, or from the file descriptor supplied as an argument to the -u option. The first word of the line is assigned to the first name, NAME1, the second word to the s
Linux Assembly HOWTO
0.7 Edition Version 0.7 Copyright © 2013 Leo Noordergraaf Copyright © 1999-2006 Konstantin Boldyshev Copyright © 1996-1999 Francois-Rene Rideau $Date: 2013-03-03 16:47:09 +0100 (Sun, 03 Mar 2013) $ This is the Linux Assembly HOWTO, version 0.7 This document describes how to program in assembly language using free programming tools, focusing on development for or from the Linux Operating System, mo
Copyright Considerations With LKMs
13. Copyright Considerations With LKMsA perennial question about LKMs is whether the terms of GPL apply to one, considering that the Linux kernel is distributed under GPL. For example, is it OK to ship an LKM in binary only form? This section covers the copyright issues surrounding LKMs, which are as interesting as they are complex. Fair warning: we don't reach a conclusion. The law is unsettled a
Here Strings
19.1. Here Strings A here string can be considered as a stripped-down form of a here document. It consists of nothing more than COMMAND <<< $WORD, where $WORD is expanded and fed to the stdin of COMMAND. As a simple example, consider this alternative to the echo-grep construction. # Instead of: if echo "$VAR" | grep -q txt # if [[ $VAR = *txt* ]] # etc. # Try: if grep -q "txt" <<< "$VAR" then # ^^
Create RPMs of Your Fonts
6. Create RPMs of Your FontsDo not just throw .ttf files someplace on your system. It makes migrations more difficult, and makes a big mess in your computer. Package management software like RPM lets you easily install your fonts in an organized standard way, manage font upgrades, and make massive font distribution a piece of cake. Here we'll provide templates and instructions for you to easily bu
KernelAnalysis-HOWTO: Linux Networking
Next Previous Contents 8. Linux Networking 8.1 How Linux networking is managed? There exists a device driver for each kind of NIC. Inside it, Linux will ALWAYS call a standard high level routing: "netif_rx [net/core/dev.c]", which will controls what 3 level protocol the frame belong to, and it will call the right 3 level function (so we'll use a pointer to the function to determine which is right)
File test operators
Returns true if... -efile exists -afile exists This is identical in effect to -e. It has been "deprecated," [1] and its use is discouraged. -ffile is a regular file (not a directory or device file) -sfile is not zero size -dfile is a directory -bfile is a block device -cfile is a character device device0="/dev/sda2" # / (root directory) if [ -b "$device0" ] then echo "$device0 is a block device."
/dev
29.1. /devThe /dev directory contains entries for the physical devices that may or may not be present in the hardware. [1] Appropriately enough, these are called device files. As an example, the hard drive partitions containing the mounted filesystem(s) have entries in /dev, as df shows. bash$ df Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/hda6 495876 222748 247527 48% / /dev/hda1 507
Chapter 4 Processes
Chapter 4 Processes This chapter describes what a process is and how the Linux kernel creates, manages and deletes the processes in the system. Processes carry out tasks within the operating system. A program is a set of machine code instructions and data stored in an executable image on disk and is, as such, a passive entity; a process can be thought of as a computer program in action. It is a dy
/var
1.18. /var Contains variable data like system logging files, mail and printer spool directories, and transient and temporary files. Some portions of /var are not shareable between different systems. For instance, /var/log, /var/lock, and /var/run. Other portions may be shared, notably /var/mail, /var/cache/man, /var/cache/fonts, and /var/spool/news. Why not put it into /usr? Because there might be
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