Operating System in 1,000 Lines Hey there! In this book, we're going to build a small operating system from scratch, step by step. You might get intimidated when you hear OS or kernel development, the basic functions of an OS (especially the kernel) are surprisingly simple. Even Linux, which is often cited as a huge open-source software, was only 8,413 lines in version 0.01. Today's Linux kernel
Last week, I built a tiny Linux system from scratch, and booted it on my laptop! Here’s what it looked like: Let me tell you how I got there. I wanted to learn more about how the Linux kernel works, and what’s involved in booting it. So I set myself the goal to cobble together the bare neccessities required to boot into a working shell. In the end, I had a tiny Linux system with a size of 2.5 MB,
xz-backdoor.md FAQ on the xz-utils backdoor (CVE-2024-3094) This is a living document. Everything in this document is made in good faith of being accurate, but like I just said; we don't yet know everything about what's going on. Update: I've disabled comments as of 2025-01-26 to avoid everyone having notifications for something a year on if someone wants to suggest a correction. Folks are free to
The Untold Story of SQLite
TranscriptNote: This podcast is designed to be heard. If you are able, we strongly encourage you to listen to the audio, which includes emphasis that's not on the page IntroductionAdam: Hello and welcome to CoRecursive. I’m Adam Gordon Bell. Each episode of CoRecursive, someone shares the fascinating story behind some piece of software being built. On April 1st, 2014, an open source maintainer got
GitHub - modelcontextprotocol/servers: Model Context Protocol Servers
Official integrations are maintained by companies building production ready MCP servers for their platforms. 21st.dev Magic - Create crafted UI components inspired by the best 21st.dev design engineers. 2slides - An MCP server that provides tools to convert content into slides/PPT/presentation or generate slides/PPT/presentation with user intention. ActionKit by Paragon - Connect to 130+ SaaS inte
The “Build Your Own Redis” Book is Completed | Blog | build-your-own.org
Read it here. Introduction Needless to say, the Redis project is quite a success. It’s an important component in backend applications. Redis could be considered one of the building blocks of modern computing. There are not many projects that fit the such role and stood the test of time. Here are some examples that meet my criteria of the “building block”: NGINX, SQLite, PostgreSQL, Kafka, Linux ke
Peter Jay Salzman, Michael Burian, Ori Pomerantz, Bob Mottram, Jim Huang 1 Introduction 1.1 Authorship 1.2 Acknowledgements 1.3 What Is A Kernel Module? 1.4 Kernel module package 1.5 What Modules are in my Kernel? 1.6 Is there a need to download and compile the kernel? 1.7 Before We Begin 2 Headers 3 Examples 4 Hello World 4.1 The Simplest Module 4.2 Hello and Goodbye 4.3 The __init and __exit Mac
TLDR; Software development, as it has been done for decades, is over. LLM coding tools have changed it fundamentally for the better or worse. “Talk is cheap. Show me the code.” — Linus Torvalds, August 2000 When Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, made this quip in response to a claim about a complex piece of programming in the Linux kernel, [1] I was an oblivious, gangly, fledgling teenage n00b
GitHub Actions Is Slowly Killing Your Engineering Team - Ian Duncan
I was an early employee at CircleCI. I have used, in anger, nearly every CI system that has ever existed. Jenkins, Travis, CircleCI, Semaphore, Drone, Concourse, Wercker (remember Wercker?), TeamCity, Bamboo, GitLab CI, CodeBuild, and probably a half dozen others I’ve mercifully forgotten. I have mass-tested these systems so that you don’t have to, and I have the scars to show for it, and I am her
Published Feb 05, 2026 We tasked Opus 4.6 using agent teams to build a C Compiler, and then (mostly) walked away. Here's what it taught us about the future of autonomous software development. Written by Nicholas Carlini, a researcher on our Safeguards team. I've been experimenting with a new approach to supervising language models that we’re calling "agent teams." With agent teams, multiple Claude
The Linux Boot Process: From Power Button to Kernel Saturday. October 25, 2025 - 15 mins Part 1 — From power button to the kernel’s first breath You press the power button. A second later a wall of text scrolls by, or a logo fades in, and eventually Linux appears. What happens in between is not magic. It is a careful handshake between tiny programs and a very literal CPU. This part follows that ha
Hello everyone, Asahi Lina here!✨ marcan asked me to write an article about the M1 GPU, so here we are~! It’s been a long road over the past few months and there’s a lot to cover, so I hope you enjoy it! What’s a GPU?You probably know what a GPU is, but do you know how they work under the hood? Let’s take a look! Almost all modern GPUs have the same main components: A bunch of shader cores, which
This is a companion article to a talk about Docker+WebAssembly that we gave at "Docker Community All Hands 7, Winter Edition" on Dec 15th, 2022. Introduction Recently Docker announced support for WebAssembly in cooperation with WasmEdge. This article will explain what is WebAssembly, why it is relevant to the Docker ecosystem and provide some hands-on examples to try on. We assume you are familiar
GitHub Actions Is Slowly Killing Your Engineering Team - Ian Duncan
I was an early employee at CircleCI. I have used, in anger, nearly every CI system that has ever existed. Jenkins, Travis, CircleCI, Semaphore, Drone, Concourse, Wercker (remember Wercker?), TeamCity, Bamboo, GitLab CI, CodeBuild, and probably a half dozen others I’ve mercifully forgotten. I have mass-tested these systems so that you don’t have to, and I have the scars to show for it, and I am her
Exactly twenty years ago, on April 7, 2005, Linus Torvalds made the very first commit to a new version control system called Git. Torvalds famously wrote Git in just 10 days after Linux kernel developers lost access to their proprietary tool, BitKeeper, due to licensing disagreements. In fact, in that first commit, he’d written enough of Git to use Git to make the commit! Git’s unconventional and
When the window is not fully open, your TCP stack is doing more than you think
When the window is not fully open, your TCP stack is doing more than you think2022-07-26 Over the years I've been lurking around the Linux kernel and have investigated the TCP code many times. But when recently we were working on Optimizing TCP for high WAN throughput while preserving low latency, I realized I have gaps in my knowledge about how Linux manages TCP receive buffers and windows. As I
While Microsoft and Apple don’t release the source code for their operating systems, a good estimate is that it takes around 50 million lines of code to run these software behemoths. The Linux kernel alone holds around 30 million lines, with systemd containing over one million lines on its own, which doesn’t include estimates for the desktop environment or other parts of a standard installation. B
Linus Torvalds Lands A 2.6% Performance Improvement With Minor Linux Kernel Patch - Phoronix
Linus Torvalds Lands A 2.6% Performance Improvement With Minor Linux Kernel Patch Written by Michael Larabel in Linux Kernel on 31 October 2024 at 07:10 AM EDT. 21 Comments Linus Torvalds merged a patch on Wednesday that he authored that with reworking a few lines of code is able to score a 2.6% improvement within Intel's well-exercise "will it scale" per-thread-ops benchmark test case. The patch
AST vs. Bytecode: Interpreters in the Age of Meta-Compilation
233 AST vs. Bytecode: Interpreters in the Age of Meta-Compilation OCTAVE LAROSE, University of Kent, UK SOPHIE KALEBA, University of Kent, UK HUMPHREY BURCHELL, University of Kent, UK STEFAN MARR, University of Kent, UK Thanks to partial evaluation and meta-tracing, it became practical to build language implementations that reach state-of-the-art peak performance by implementing only an interprete
Join a VS Code Dev Days event near you to learn about AI-assisted development in VS Code. Update 1.67.1: The update addresses this security issue. Update 1.67.2: The update addresses these issues. Downloads: Windows: x64 Arm64 | Mac: Universal Intel silicon | Linux: deb rpm tarball Arm snap Welcome to the April 2022 release of Visual Studio Code. There are many updates in this version that we hope
Version 1.108 is now available! Read about the new features and fixes from December. Release date: June 12, 2025 Security update: The following extension has security updates: ms-python.python. Update 1.101.1: The update addresses these issues. Update 1.101.2: The update addresses these issues. Downloads: Windows: x64 Arm64 | Mac: Universal Intel silicon | Linux: deb rpm tarball Arm snap Welcome t
Over the course of my Spring 2020 semester at Harvey Mudd College, I developed a self-hosting compiler entirely from scratch. This article walks through many interesting parts of the project. It’s laid out so you can just read from beginning to end, but if you’re more interested in a particular topic, feel free to jump there. Or, take a look at the project on GitHub. Table of contents What the pro
Join a VS Code Dev Days event near you to learn about AI-assisted development in VS Code. Update 1.70.1: The update addresses these issues. Update 1.70.2: The update addresses these issues. Update 1.70.3: This update is only available for Windows 7 users and is the last release supporting Windows 7. Downloads: Windows: x64 Arm64 | Mac: Universal Intel silicon | Linux: deb rpm tarball Arm snap Welc
Since I was unable to travel for a couple of years during the pandemic, I decided to take my new-found time and really lean into Rust. After writing over 100k lines of Rust code, I think I am starting to get a feel for the language and like every cranky engineer I have developed opinions and because this is the Internet I’m going to share them. The reason I learned Rust was to flesh out parts of t
No trial. No credit card required. Just your GitHub account. A year ago, I published Performance Improvements in .NET 6, following on the heels of similar posts for .NET 5, .NET Core 3.0, .NET Core 2.1, and .NET Core 2.0. I enjoy writing these posts and love reading developers’ responses to them. One comment in particular last year resonated with me. The commenter cited the Die Hard movie quote, “
IBM, Red Hat and Free Software: An old maddog’s view Copyright 2023 by Jon “maddog” Hall Licensed under Creative Commons BY-SA-ND Photo: © Santiago Ferreira Litowtschenko Several people have opined on the recent announcement of Red Hat to change their terms of sales for their software. Here are some thoughts from someone who has been around a long time and been in the midst of a lot of what occur
I’ve become convinced that “little languages”–small languages designed to solve very specific problems–are the future of programming, particularly after reading Gabriella Gonzalez’s The end of history for programming and watching Alan Kay’s Programming and Scaling talk. You should go check them out because they’re both excellent, but if you stick around I’ll explain just what I mean by “little lan
My First Contribution to Linux
I've been spending more of my spare time in recent years studying the Linux source tree to try to build a deeper understanding of how computers work. As a result, I've started accumulating patches that fix issues with hardware I own. I decided to try upstreaming one of these patches to familiarize myself with the kernel development process. Table of Contents Context How do the keys work? Finding t
Edge AI Just Got Faster
When Meta released LLaMA back in February, many of us were excited to see a high-quality Large Language Model (LLM) become available for public access. Many of us who signed up however, had difficulties getting LLaMA to run on our edge and personal computer devices. One month ago, Georgi Gerganov started the llama.cpp project to provide a solution to this, and since then his project has been one o
Version 1.108 is now available! Read about the new features and fixes from December. Release date: May 8, 2025 Update: Enable Next Edit Suggestions (NES) by default in VS Code Stable (more...). Update 1.100.1: The update addresses these security issues. Update 1.100.2: The update addresses these issues. Update 1.100.3: The update addresses these issues. Downloads: Windows: x64 Arm64 | Mac: Univers
A Git story: Not so fun this time | Brachiosoft Blog
Linus Torvalds once wrote in a book that he created Linux just for fun, but it ended up sparking a revolution. Git, his second major creation, was also an accidental revolution. It’s now a standard tool for software engineers, but its origin story wasn’t so much fun this time, at least for Linus. Linus doesn’t scale 1998 was a big year for Linux. Major companies like Sun, IBM, and Oracle started g
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Update 1.78.1: The update addresses this security issue. Update 1.78.2: The update addresses these issues. Downloads: Windows: x64 Arm64 | Mac: Universal Intel silicon | Linux: deb rpm tarball Arm snap Welcome to the April 2023 release of Visual Studio Code. There are many updates in this version that we hope you'll like, some of the key highlights include: Accessibility improvements - Better scre
How a simple Linux kernel memory corruption bug can lead to complete system compromise
In this case, reallocating the object as one of those three types didn't seem to me like a nice way forward (although it should be possible to exploit this somehow with some effort, e.g. by using count.counter to corrupt the buf field of seq_file). Also, some systems might be using the slab_nomerge kernel command line flag, which disables this merging behavior. Another approach that I didn't look
The Speed of Time
Recent posts: 05 Dec 2025 » Leaving Intel 28 Nov 2025 » On "AI Brendans" or "Virtual Brendans" 22 Nov 2025 » Intel is listening, don't waste your shot 17 Nov 2025 » Third Stage Engineering 04 Aug 2025 » When to Hire a Computer Performance Engineering Team (2025) part 1 of 2 22 May 2025 » 3 Years of Extremely Remote Work 01 May 2025 » Doom GPU Flame Graphs 29 Oct 2024 » AI Flame Graphs 22 Jul 2024
Introduction to Go 1.18 The latest Go release, version 1.18, is a significant release, including changes to the language, implementation of the toolchain, runtime, and libraries. Go 1.18 arrives seven months after Go 1.17. As always, the release maintains the Go 1 promise of compatibility. We expect almost all Go programs to continue to compile and run as before. Changes to the language Generics G
Join a VS Code Dev Days event near you to learn about AI-assisted development in VS Code. Update 1.66.1: The update addresses these issues. Update 1.66.2: The update addresses these security issues. Downloads: Windows: x64 Arm64 | Mac: Universal Intel silicon | Linux: deb rpm tarball Arm snap Welcome to the March 2022 release of Visual Studio Code. There are many updates in this version that we ho
This paper reflects work done in late 2022 and 2023 to audit for vulnerabilities in terminal emulators, with a focus on open source software. The results of this work were 10 CVEs against terminal emulators that could result in Remote Code Execution (RCE), in addition various other bugs and hardening opportunities were found. The exact context and severity of these vulnerabilities varied, but some
PostgreSQL isn’t just a simple relational database; it’s a data management framework with the potential to engulf the entire database realm. The trend of “Using Postgres for Everything” is no longer limited to a few elite teams but is becoming a mainstream best practice. OLAP’s New Challenger In a 2016 database meetup, I argued that a significant gap in the PostgreSQL ecosystem was the lack of a s
Update 1.86.2: The update addresses these issues. Update 1.86.1: The update addresses these issues. Downloads: Windows: x64 Arm64 | Mac: Universal Intel silicon | Linux: deb rpm tarball Arm snap Welcome to the January 2024 release of Visual Studio Code. There are many updates in this version that we hope you'll like, some of the key highlights include: Per-window zoom levels - Adjust the zoom leve
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Operating System in 1,000 Lines | OS in 1,000 Lines
Building a tiny Linux from scratch
xz-utils backdoor situation (CVE-2024-3094)
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
Code is cheap. Show me the talk.
Building a C compiler with a team of parallel Claudes
The Linux Boot Process: From Power Button to Kernel
Tales of the M1 GPU - Asahi Linux
WebAssembly: Docker without containers!
Git turns 20: A Q&A with Linus Torvalds
An Entire RISC-V Operating System In 2000 Lines
April 2022 (version 1.67)
May 2025 (version 1.101)
Kalyn: a self-hosting compiler for x86-64
July 2022 (version 1.70)
Rust: A Critical Retrospective « bunnie's blog
Performance Improvements in .NET 7 - .NET Blog
IBM, Red Hat and Free Software: An old maddog’s view
Little Languages Are The Future Of Programming
April 2025 (version 1.100)
The Quest for Netflix on Asahi Linux | Blog
April 2023 (version 1.78)
Go 1.18 Release Notes - The Go Programming Language
March 2022 (version 1.66)
"�[31m"?! ANSI Terminal security in 2023 and finding 10 CVEs
Postgres is eating the database world
January 2024 (version 1.86)