Bashar and Hafiz al-Assad President Bashar al-Assad was the main catalyst for reform in Syria’s economy and to a lesser degree in its political institutions before the 2011 uprising. The Civil War has caused Assad to return to his father’s domestic and regional policies. By Aiman Mansour* and Joshua Landis When president Bashar al-Assad assumed power in July 2000, he led Syria on a trajectory of g
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