These are the slides of my keynote at RubyKaigi 2018: http://rubykaigi.org/2018/presentations/eregontp.html#jun02 Array and Hash are used in every Ruby program. Yet, current implementations either prevent the use of them in parallel (the global interpreter lock in MRI) or lack thread-safety guarantees (JRuby and Rubinius raise an exception on concurrent Array append). Concurrent::Array from concur