Another year passes. I was hoping to write more articles instead of just these end-of-the-year screeds, but I almost died in the spring semester, and it sucked up my time. Nevertheless, I will go through what I think are the major trends and happenings in databases over the last year. There were many exciting and unprecedented developments in the world of databases. Vibe coding entered the vernacu
Don't write clean code, write CRISP code — Bitfield Consulting
I’m sure we’re all in favour of “clean code”, but it’s one of those motherhood-and-apple-pie things that no one can reasonably disagree with. Who wants to write dirty code, unless maybe it’s for a porn site? The problem, of course, is that few of us can agree on what “clean code” means, and how to get there. A rule like “methods should only do one thing”, looks great on a T-shirt, but it’s not so
Developers are increasingly relying on AI coding assistants to accelerate our daily workflows. These tools can autocomplete functions, suggest bug fixes, and even generate entire modules or MVPs. Yet, as many of us have learned, the quality of the AI’s output depends largely on the quality of the prompt you provide. In other words, prompt engineering has become an essential skill. A poorly phrased
Fish 4.0: The Fish Of Theseus
About two years ago, our head maintainer @ridiculousfish opened what quickly became our most-read pull request: #9512 - Rewrite it in Rust Truth be told, we did not quite expect that to be as popular as it was. It was written as a bit of an in-joke for the fish developers first, and not really as a press release to be shared far and wide. We didn’t post it anywhere, but other people did, and we go
January 30, 2023 In this post, we'll implement a GPT from scratch in just 60 lines of numpy. We'll then load the trained GPT-2 model weights released by OpenAI into our implementation and generate some text. Note: This post assumes familiarity with Python, NumPy, and some basic experience with neural networks. This implementation is for educational purposes, so it's missing lots of features/improv
I’ve been meaning to write a post about my perspective on Open Source and corporate entities. I already got the rough outline of it; however, I’m suffering from writer’s block, but more importantly, the whole post is a praise of how Shopify engages with Open Source communities. Hence, given the current climate, I don’t think I could publish it without addressing the elephant in the room first anyw
Mojo may be the biggest programming language advance in decades – fast.ai
I remember the first time I used the v1.0 of Visual Basic. Back then, it was a program for DOS. Before it, writing programs was extremely complex and I’d never managed to make much progress beyond the most basic toy applications. But with VB, I drew a button on the screen, typed in a single line of code that I wanted to run when that button was clicked, and I had a complete application I could now
I use Claude Code. A lot. As a hobbyist, I run it in a VM several times a week on side projects, often with --dangerously-skip-permissions to vibe code whatever idea is on my mind. Professionally, part of my team builds the AI-IDE rules and tooling for our engineering team that consumes several billion tokens per month just for codegen. The CLI agent space is getting crowded and between Claude Cod
LogLog Games
The article is also available in Chinese. Disclaimer: This post is a very long collection of thoughts and problems I've had over the years, and also addresses some of the arguments I've been repeatedly told. This post expresses my opinion the has been formed over using Rust for gamedev for many thousands of hours over many years, and multiple finished games. This isn't meant to brag or indicate su
Every System is a Log: Avoiding coordination in distributed applications | Restate
BlogEvery System is a Log: Avoiding coordination in distributed applications Building resilient distributed applications remains a tough challenge. It should be possible to focus almost entirely on the business logic and the complexity inherent to the domain. Instead, you need to review line-by-line and check: “what if the service crashes here?”, “what if the API we call here is temporarily unavai
Assessing Claude Mythos Preview’s cybersecurity capabilities April 7, 2026 Nicholas Carlini, Newton Cheng, Keane Lucas, Michael Moore, Milad Nasr, Vinay Prabhushankar, Winnie Xiao Hakeem Angulu, Evyatar Ben Asher, Jackie Bow, Keir Bradwell, Ben Buchanan, David Forsythe, Daniel Freeman, Alex Gaynor, Xinyang Ge, Logan Graham, Kyla Guru, Hasnain Lakhani, Matt McNiece, Mojtaba Mehrara, Renee Nichol, A
2025: The year in LLMs
31st December 2025 This is the third in my annual series reviewing everything that happened in the LLM space over the past 12 months. For previous years see Stuff we figured out about AI in 2023 and Things we learned about LLMs in 2024. It’s been a year filled with a lot of different trends. The year of “reasoning” The year of agents The year of coding agents and Claude Code The year of LLMs on th
Published Mar 25, 2026 Claude Code users approve 93% of permission prompts. We built classifiers to automate some decisions, increasing safety while reducing approval fatigue. Here's what it catches, and what it misses. By default, Claude Code asks users for approval before running commands or modifying files. This keeps users safe, but it also means a lot of clicking "approve." Over time that lea
TL;DR; We are changing std::sort in LLVM’s libcxx. That’s a long story of what it took us to get there and all possible consequences, bugs you might encounter with examples from open source. We provide some benchmarks, perspective, why we did this in the first place and what it cost us with exciting ideas from Hyrum’s Law to reinforcement learning. All changes went into open source and thus I can
31st December 2024 A lot has happened in the world of Large Language Models over the course of 2024. Here’s a review of things we figured out about the field in the past twelve months, plus my attempt at identifying key themes and pivotal moments. This is a sequel to my review of 2023. In this article: The GPT-4 barrier was comprehensively broken Some of those GPT-4 models run on my laptop LLM pri
Note: This blog post is also available as a documentation page on Transformers. Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT3/4, Falcon, and LLama are rapidly advancing in their ability to tackle human-centric tasks, establishing themselves as essential tools in modern knowledge-based industries. Deploying these models in real-world tasks remains challenging, however: To exhibit near-human text unders
API Tokens: A Tedious Survey Author Name Thomas Ptacek @tqbf @tqbf Image by Annie Ruygt We’re Fly.io. This post isn’t about Fly.io, but you have to hear about us anyways, because my blog, my rules. Our users ship us Docker containers and we transmute them into Firecracker microvms, which we host on our own hardware around the world. With a working Dockerfile, getting up and running will take you l
written by Ruud van Asseldonk published 11 January 2023 For a data format, yaml is extremely complicated. It aims to be a human-friendly format, but in striving for that it introduces so much complexity, that I would argue it achieves the opposite result. Yaml is full of footguns and its friendliness is deceptive. In this post I want to demonstrate this through an example. This post is a rant, and
Front-end maximalism
19 Oct, 2025 Here's a question that comes up all the time: Q: I have a front end that calls into a back end. It needs to do things now, and might need to do more things later. How much filtering and preprocessing should the back-end do before it passes the data to the front end? And here's an answer I like: A: As little as possible. Some examples: Suppose you have a product page with a long list o
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) K. Davis Request for Comments: 9562 Cisco Systems Obsoletes: 4122 B. Peabody Category: Standards Track Uncloud ISSN: 2070-1721 P. Leach University of Washington May 2024 Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs) Abstract This specification defines UUIDs (Universally Unique IDentifiers) -- also known as GUIDs (Globally Unique IDentifiers) -- and a Uniform Resou
The EU's Proposed CRA Law May Have Unintended Consequences for the Python Ecosystem
The EU's Proposed CRA Law May Have Unintended Consequences for the Python Ecosystem After reviewing the proposed Cyber Resilience Act and Product Liability Act, the PSF has found issues that put the mission of our organization and the health of the open-source software community at risk. While we support the stated goals of these policies of increasing security and accountability for European soft
Golang Mini Reference 2022: A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY)
Golang Mini Reference 2022 A Quick Guide to the Modern Go Programming Language (REVIEW COPY) Harry Yoon Version 0.9.0, 2022-08-24 REVIEW COPY This is review copy, not to be shared or distributed to others. Please forward any feedback or comments to the author. • feedback@codingbookspress.com The book is tentatively scheduled to be published on September 14th, 2022. We hope that when the release da
Agent Development Kit: Making it easy to build multi-agent applications- Google Developers Blog
Agent Development Kit: Making it easy to build multi-agent applications The world of AI is rapidly moving beyond single-purpose models towards intelligent, autonomous multi-agent systems. Building these multi-agent systems, however, presents new challenges. That is why today, we have introduced Agent Development Kit (ADK) at Google Cloud NEXT 2025, a new open-source framework from Google designed
I Made Zig Compute 33 Million Satellite Positions in 3 Seconds. No GPU Required.
Update: I've since added multithreading and pushed astroz to 326M propagations/sec. Read the follow-up → I've spent the past month optimizing SGP4 propagation and ended up with something interesting: astroz is now the fastest general purpose SGP4 implementation I'm aware of, hitting 11-13M propagations per second in native Zig and ~7M/s through Python with just pip install astroz. This post breaks
Show navigation A recent article on WebAssembly Garbage Collection (WasmGC) explains at a high level how the Garbage Collection (GC) proposal aims to better support GC languages in Wasm, which is very important given their popularity. In this article, we will get into the technical details of how GC languages such as Java, Kotlin, Dart, Python, and C# can be ported to Wasm. There are in fact two m
I often come across developers who know the mechanics of Python error handling well, yet when I review their code I find it to be far from good. Exceptions in Python is one of those areas that have a surface layer that most people know, and a deeper, almost secret one that a lot of developers don't even know exists. If you want to test yourself on this topic, see if you can answer the following qu
Open Source Gave Me Everything Until I Had Nothing Left to Give
Open Source Gave Me Everything Until I Had Nothing Left to Give I thought I was having a spiritual awakening. I was having a psychiatric emergency. I was at a tech conference in Sweden when it started. I hadn't slept in days. I was one of the most prolific open source developers in the Python ecosystem, maintaining the most downloaded HTTP library on Earth, keynoting conferences across the world,
Over the course of my Spring 2020 semester at Harvey Mudd College, I developed a self-hosting compiler entirely from scratch. This article walks through many interesting parts of the project. It’s laid out so you can just read from beginning to end, but if you’re more interested in a particular topic, feel free to jump there. Or, take a look at the project on GitHub. Table of contents What the pro
Patterns for Building LLM-based Systems & Products [ llm engineering production 🔥 ] · 66 min read Discussions on HackerNews, Twitter, and LinkedIn “There is a large class of problems that are easy to imagine and build demos for, but extremely hard to make products out of. For example, self-driving: It’s easy to demo a car self-driving around a block, but making it into a product takes a decade.”
A few months ago I went through a bit of a mental slump. I've always been confident of my abilities as an engineer, but I couldn't help but feel like my skills were falling hopelessly behind as I scrolled places like LinkedIn and Twitter. If these sources were to be believed, engineering had moved on from the medieval practice of typing code into an editor. Real engineers were now 10-100x more pro
A Walk with LuaJIT
The following is a chronicle of implementing a general purpose zero-instrumentation BPF based profiler for LuaJIT. Some assumptions are made about what this entails and it may be helpful to read some of our other work in this area. One major change from prior efforts is that instead of working with the original Parca unwinder we are now working with the OpenTelemetry eBPF profiler. If you missed t
If you combine this with the Unicode table, you’ll see that English is encoded with 1 byte, Cyrillic, Latin European languages, Hebrew and Arabic need 2, and Chinese, Japanese, Korean, other Asian languages, and Emoji need 3 or 4. A few important points here: First, UTF-8 is byte-compatible with ASCII. The code points 0..127, the former ASCII, are encoded with one byte, and it’s the same exact byt
Since I was unable to travel for a couple of years during the pandemic, I decided to take my new-found time and really lean into Rust. After writing over 100k lines of Rust code, I think I am starting to get a feel for the language and like every cranky engineer I have developed opinions and because this is the Internet I’m going to share them. The reason I learned Rust was to flesh out parts of t
This post first appeared in The Analytics Engineering Roundup. Business intelligence is on a collision course with AI. The collision itself hasn’t happened yet, but it’s clearly coming. The inevitability of this has been clear roughly since the launch of ChatGPT, but no one knew exactly what shape that would take. Today I want to propose how that collision is going to happen and what will happen i
Coroutines and effects
For the past few months I’ve been mulling over some things that Russell Johnston made me realize about the relationship between effect systems and coroutines. You can read more of his thoughts on this subject here, but he made me realize that effect systems (like that found in Koka) and coroutines (like Rust’s async functions or generators) are in some ways isomorphic to one another. I’ve been pon
The many, many, many JavaScript runtimes of the last decade
This last decade has seen an inundation of new JavaScript runtimes (and engines in equal measure), enabling us to run JavaScript in all manner of contexts with precise fitness for task. Through these, we've seen the language spread to the Cloud, the edge, Smart TVs, mobile devices, and even microcontrollers. In this article, we'll explore what's driving this diversity, and why no one runtime or en
Using libsodium in a web browser has been possible since 2013, thanks to the excellent Emscripten project. Since then, WebAssembly was introduced. A more efficient way to run code not originally written in JavaScript in a web browser. And libsodium added first-class support for WebAssembly in 2017. On web browsers supporting it, and in allowed contexts allowing it, that gave a nice speed boost. Li
Building the fastest Lua interpreter.. automatically!
This is Part 1 of a series of posts. Part 2 is available here: Building a baseline JIT for Lua automatically It is well-known that writing a good VM for a dynamic language is never an easy job. High-performance interpreters, such as the JavaScript interpreter in Safari, or the Lua interpreter in LuaJIT, are often hand-coded in assembly. If you want a JIT compiler for better performance, well, you’
Edge AI Just Got Faster
When Meta released LLaMA back in February, many of us were excited to see a high-quality Large Language Model (LLM) become available for public access. Many of us who signed up however, had difficulties getting LLaMA to run on our edge and personal computer devices. One month ago, Georgi Gerganov started the llama.cpp project to provide a solution to this, and since then his project has been one o
I first learned Kubernetes ("k8s" for short) in 2018, when my manager sat me down and said "Cloudflare is migrating to Kubernetes, and you're handling our team's migration." This was slightly terrifying to me, because I was a good programmer and a mediocre engineer. I knew how to write code, but I didn't know how to deploy it, or monitor it in production. My computer science degree had taught me a
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Databases in 2025: A Year in Review
The Prompt Engineering Playbook for Programmers
GPT in 60 Lines of NumPy | Jay Mody
Dear Rubyists: Shopify Isn’t Your Enemy
How I Use Every Claude Code Feature
Claude Mythos Preview \ red.anthropic.com
Claude Code auto mode: a safer way to skip permissions
Changing std::sort at Google’s Scale and Beyond
Things we learned about LLMs in 2024
Optimizing your LLM in production
API Tokens: A Tedious Survey
The yaml document from hell
RFC 9562: Universally Unique IDentifiers (UUIDs)
A new way to bring garbage collected programming languages efficiently to WebAssembly · V8
The Ultimate Guide to Error Handling in Python
Kalyn: a self-hosting compiler for x86-64
Patterns for Building LLM-based Systems & Products
No, AI is not Making Engineers 10x as Productive
The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Must Know About Unicode in 2023 (Still No Excuses!) @ tonsky.me
Rust: A Critical Retrospective « bunnie's blog
How AI will disrupt BI as we know it | dbt Labs
Performance of WebAssembly runtimes in 2023
Solving common problems with Kubernetes