On macOS, a closed TCP connection sits in TIME_WAIT for just 30 seconds before being cleaned up. That is fast — unless the cleanup mechanism itself breaks. What Is a 32-Bit Unsigned Integer Wraparound?A uint32_t in C can hold values from 0 to 4,294,967,295 (2³² − 1). When you try to store a value larger than that maximum, the number wraps around back to zero — like an odometer rolling over from 99

