Implementing MVCC and major SQL transaction isolation levels | notes.eatonphil.com
In this post we'll build a database in 400 lines of code with basic support for five standard SQL transaction levels: Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Snapshot Isolation and Serializable. We'll use multi-version concurrency control (MVCC) and optimistic concurrency control (OCC) to accomplish this. The goal isn't to be perfect but to explain the basics in a minimal way. You don't
Writing a minimal in-memory storage engine for MySQL/MariaDB | notes.eatonphil.com
I spent a week looking at MySQL/MariaDB internals along with ~80 other devs. Although MySQL and MariaDB are mostly the same (more on that later), I focused on MariaDB specifically this week. Before last week I had never built MySQL/MariaDB before. The first day of this hack week, I got MariaDB building locally and made a code tweak so that SELECT 23 returned 213, and another tweak so that SELECT 8
Intercepting and modifying Linux system calls with ptrace | notes.eatonphil.com
How software fails is interesting. But real-world errors can be infrequent to manifest. Fault injection is a formal-sounding term that just means: trying to explicitly trigger errors in the hopes of discovering bad logic, typically during automated tests. Jepsen and ChaosMonkey are two famous examples that help to trigger process and network failure. But what about disk and filesystem errors? A fe
Metaprogramming in Zig and parsing CSS | notes.eatonphil.com
I knew Zig supported some sort of reflection on types. But I had been confused about how to use it. What's the difference between @typeInfo and @TypeOf? I ignored this aspect of Zig until a problem came up at work where reflection made sense. The situation was parsing and storing parsed fields in a struct. Each field name that is parsed should match up to a struct field. This is a fairly common pr
Implementing the Raft distributed consensus protocol in Go | notes.eatonphil.com
As part of bringing myself up-to-speed after joining TigerBeetle, I wanted some background on how distributed consensus and replicated state machines protocols work. TigerBeetle uses Viewstamped Replication. But I wanted to understand all popular protocols and I decided to start with Raft. We'll implement two key components of Raft in this post (leader election and log replication). Around 1k line
Errors and Zig | notes.eatonphil.com
At TigerBeetle these last few weeks I've been doing a mix of documenting client libraries, writing sample code for client libraries, and writing integration tests against the sample code. The client library documentation is generated with a Zig script. The sample code is integration tested with a Zig script. A bunch of Zig scripts. It's not the same rigorous sort of Zig as the main database. (We'r
Writing a SQL database, take two: Zig and RocksDB | notes.eatonphil.com
For my second project while learning Zig, I decided to port an old, minimal SQL database project from Go to Zig. In this post, in ~1700 lines of code (yes, I'm sorry it's bigger than my usual), we'll create a basic embedded SQL database in Zig on top of RocksDB. Other than the RocksDB layer it will not use third-party libraries. The code for this project is available on GitHub. Here are a few exam
A minimal RocksDB example with Zig | notes.eatonphil.com
I mostly programmed in Go the last few years. So every time I wanted an embedded key-value database, I reached for Cockroach's Pebble. Pebble is great for Go programming but Go does not embed well into other languages. Pebble was inspired by RocksDB (and its predecessor, LevelDB). Both were written in C++ which can more easily be embedded into any language with a C foreign function interface. Pebb
A minimal distributed key-value database with Hashicorp's Raft library | notes.eatonphil.com
A minimal distributed key-value database with Hashicorp's Raft library When I wrote the "build a distributed PostgreSQL proof of concept" post I first had to figure out how to use Hashicorp's Raft implementation. There weren't any examples I could find in the Hashicorp repo itself. And the only example I could find was Philip O'Toole's hraftd. It's great! However, I have a hard time following mult
Writing a document database from scratch in Go: Lucene-like filters and indexes | notes.eatonphil.com
Writing a document database from scratch in Go: Lucene-like filters and indexes In this post we'll write a rudimentary document database from scratch in Go. In less than 500 lines of code we'll be able to support the following interactions, inspired by Elasticsearch: $ curl -X POST -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '{"name": "Kevin", "age": "45"}' http://localhost:8080/docs {"body":{"id":"5ac
SMTP protocol basics from scratch in Go: receiving email from Gmail | notes.eatonphil.com
SMTP protocol basics from scratch in Go: receiving email from Gmail I've never run my own mail server before. Before today I had no clue how email worked under the hood other than the very few times I've set up mail clients. I've heard no few times how hard it is to send mail from a self-hosted server (because of spam filters). But how hard can it be to hook up DNS to my personal server and receiv
Writing a minimal Lua implementation with a virtual machine from scratch in Rust | notes.eatonphil.com
Writing a minimal Lua implementation with a virtual machine from scratch in Rust By the end of this guide we'll have a minimal, working implementation of a small part of Lua from scratch. It will be able to run the following program (among others): function fib(n) if n < 2 then return n; end local n1 = fib(n-1); local n2 = fib(n-2); return n1 + n2; end print(fib(30)); This is my second project in
Writing a simple JSON library from scratch: a tour through modern C++ | notes.eatonphil.com
Writing a simple JSON library from scratch: a tour through modern C++ Modern C++ has a lot of cool features. Move semantics means passing around structs in functions is cheap. std::shared_ptr means I don't have to manage any memory; no more new/delete! (But try as I might to understand std::unique_ptr, I'm just not there yet.) The syntax has also gotten some treatment with auto and tuple destructu
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Exploring a Postgres query plan | notes.eatonphil.com
io_uring basics: Writing a file to disk | notes.eatonphil.com
How do databases execute expressions? | notes.eatonphil.com
Thinking about functional programming | notes.eatonphil.com
Let's build a distributed Postgres proof of concept | notes.eatonphil.com
Implementing zip archiving in Golang: unzipping | notes.eatonphil.com
Exploring PL/pgSQL part two: implementing a Forth-like interpreter | notes.eatonphil.com