Cloudflare’s Gen X: Servers for an Accelerated Future
Cloudflare’s Gen X: Servers for an Accelerated Future2020-02-24 “Every server can run every service.”We designed and built Cloudflare’s network to be able to grow capacity quickly and inexpensively; to allow every server, in every city, to run every service; and to allow us to shift customers and traffic across our network efficiently. We deploy standard, commodity hardware, and our product develo
Details of the Cloudflare outage on July 2, 2019
Details of the Cloudflare outage on July 2, 20192019-07-12 Almost nine years ago, Cloudflare was a tiny company and I was a customer not an employee. Cloudflare had launched a month earlier and one day alerting told me that my little site, jgc.org, didn’t seem to have working DNS any more. Cloudflare had pushed out a change to its use of Protocol Buffers and it had broken DNS. I wrote to Matthew P
How to achieve low latency with 10Gbps Ethernet
Good morning! In a recent blog post we explained how to tweak a simple UDP application to maximize throughput. This time we are going to optimize our UDP application for latency. Fighting with latency is a great excuse to discuss modern features of multiqueue NICs. Some of the techniques covered here are also discussed in the scaling.txt kernel document. CC BY-SA 2.0 image by Xiaojun Deng Our expe
Using Go as a scripting language in Linux
At Cloudflare we like Go. We use it in many in-house software projects as well as parts of bigger pipeline systems. But can we take Go to the next level and use it as a scripting language for our favourite operating system, Linux? gopher image CC BY 3.0 Renee FrenchTux image CC0 BY OpenClipart-Vectors Short answer: why not? Go is relatively easy to learn, not too verbose and there is a huge ecosys
The complete guide to Go net/http timeouts
When writing an HTTP server or client in Go, timeouts are amongst the easiest and most subtle things to get wrong: there’s many to choose from, and a mistake can have no consequences for a long time, until the network glitches and the process hangs. HTTP is a complex multi-stage protocol, so there's no one-size fits all solution to timeouts. Think about a streaming endpoint versus a JSON API versu
Go has a debugger—and it's awesome!
Something that often, uh... bugs[1] Go developers is the lack of a proper debugger. Sure, builds are ridiculously fast and easy, and println(hex.Dump(b)) is your friend, but sometimes it would be nice to just set a breakpoint and step through that endless if chain or print a bunch of values without recompiling ten times. CC BY 2.0 image by Carl Milner You could try to use some dirty gdb hacks that
Improving PicoHTTPParser further with AVX2
Vlad Krasnov recently joined CloudFlare to work on low level optimization of CloudFlare's servers. This is the first of a number of blog posts that will include code he's optimized and open sourced. In a recent post, Kazuho's Weblog describes an improvement to PicoHTTPParser. This improvement utilizes the SSE4.2 instruction PCMPESTRI in order to find the delimiters in a HTTP request/response and p
A Tour Inside CloudFlare's Latest Generation Servers
A Tour Inside CloudFlare's Latest Generation Servers2013-07-22 CloudFlare operates at a significant scale, handling more than a trillion requests through our network every month. To ensure this is as efficient as possible, we own and operate all the equipment in our 23 locations around the world in order to process the volume of traffic that flows through our network. We spend a significant amount
How to make SSL fast
HTTP, the protocol of the web, is unencrypted by default. That means it is trivial for someone using the same local network as you to spy on all the data you send to and receive from most websites. If, for example, someone sniffs your session cookie for a website then they can install it themselves and log in as if they were you without knowing your password. One high profile example was when acto
Pushing Nginx to its limit with Lua
At CloudFlare, Nginx is at the core of what we do. It is part of the underlying foundation of our reverse proxy service. In addition to the built-in Nginx functionalities, we use an array of custom C modules that are specific to our infrastructure including load balancing, monitoring, and caching. Recently, we've been adding more simple services. And they are almost exclusively written in Lua. I w
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