3. 学会の歴史科学者のコミュニティ始まり:パリのカフェ役割:学会誌の発行(ピアレビュー制度)情報交換技術者の寄合始まり:(ギルド)、組合役割:専門技術者認定教育情報交換IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)JSME (The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers)IEEJ (The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan)AIA (The American Institute of Architects)