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Background: Branches and branch prediction Branch operations are a common part of every computer program. These include conditional branches to implement if-then constructs, and call and return instructions to implement functions. In a pipelined processor, instructions are fetched many cycles earlier than when they are executed, so the outcome of branch instructions, and therefore what to fetch ne
Since the 386, x86 processors have supported paging, which uses a page table to map virtual address pages to physical address pages. This mapping is controlled by the operating system, which gives user applications a contiguous virtual memory space, and isolates the memory spaces of different processes. Page tables are located in main memory, so a cache (TLB: Translation Lookaside Buffer) is neede
On conventional out of order processors, instructions are not necessarily executed in “program order”, although the processor must give the same results as though execution occurred in program order. This is achieved by preserving an in-order front-end (fetch, decode, rename) and in-order instruction commit, but allowing the processor to search a limited region of the instruction stream to find in
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