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Detailed here are some of the tools and techniques we use to test the GNU coreutils project, which should present some useful ways to automate the use of tools like gdb, strace, valgrind, sed, grep, or the coreutils themselves etc., either for testing or for other applications. We also describe general techniques like using timeouts in a robust and performant way. Test framework automake's test fr
There are various ways to use parallel processing in UNIX: piping An often under appreciated idea in the unix pipe model is that the components of the pipe run in parallel. This is a key advantage leveraged when combining simple commands that do "one thing well" split -n, xargs -P, parallel Note programs that are invoked in parallel by these, need to output atomically for each item processed, whic
We make very careful considerations about the interface and operation of the GNU coreutils, but unfortunately due to backwards compatibility reasons, some behaviours or defaults of these utilities can be confusing. This information will continue to be updated and overlaps somewhat with the coreutils FAQ, with this list focusing on less frequent potential issues. chmod chmod -R is redundant and tri
Introduction numfmt is a new command released with coreutils 8.21 in Feb 2013. In its most basic usage, it can be used to generate a "human readable" number like: $ numfmt --to=si 4576881213 4.6G $ numfmt --to=iec-i 4576881213 4.3Gi There have been a few requests for a general utility that could convert values to/from human-readable formats. Pádraig Brady planned the original interface. Assaf Gord
The example shown is to provide a highly available wordpress instance that is implemented across multiple virtual machines. Note while openstack can run within a VM, the OZ component of this demo currently needs to run on bare metal. The main pacemaker-cloud developers are Steven Dake and Angus Salkeld, and these instructions follow Angus' initial and improved openstack and pacemaker-cloud integra
buffering in standard streams I found it difficult to figure out what buffering was applied to the standard streams. Consider for example the following unix shell pipeline: $ command1 | command2 Here the shell forks off 2 processes and connects them using a pipe in the manner depicted in the DIAgram below. Note the 3 buffers involved in the connection. The kernel buffer, created by the pipe system
Profiling is an alternative to benchmarking that is often more effective, as it gives you more fine grained measurements for the components of the system you're measuring, thus minimising external influences from consideration. It also gives the relative cost of various components, further discounting external influence. As a consequence of giving more fine grained information for a component, pro
Discussions on Eir's new FTTH service and how to improve on their provided WiFi router
I've written a few shell scripts in my time and have read many more, and I see the same issues cropping up again and again (unfortunately even in my own scripts sometimes). While there are lots of shell programming pitfalls, at least the interpreter will tell you immediately about them. The mistakes I describe below, generally mean that your script will run fine now, but if the data changes or you
I find it very productive working in a terminal environment, as it's efficient and flexible to deal with processes and data, especially text, and especially on remote machines. Now terminals have advanced in capability over time, with some form of "xterm" being the usual terminal of choice. Therefore one should not restrict programs to their usual monochrome defaults, as colour can be used to grea
This open source program was created in Feb 2007 by reverse engineering DVD-VR format discs, and has been tested on linux, Mac OS X and Windows (with WSL or cygwin). An example run is shown below: $ dvd-vr /media/dvd/DVD_RTAV/VR_MANGR.IFO format: DVD-VR V1.1 VOB format 1... tv_system : NTSC resolution : 480x480 video_format: MPEG2 aspect_ratio: 4:3 audio_channs: 2 audio_coding: Dolby AC-3 VOB form
Abstract This description details the structure at the start of a hard disk in a PC, and how GRUB fits into that structure. [Update Nov 2022: For a discussion of newer boot setups considering UEFI etc. see Linux Boot Partitions] The PC hard disk layout The diagram below is the disk layout of my linux laptop which is very standard. There are 4 primary partitions whose size and function are labeled,
If you are transitioning from windows, then in order of preference you will probably want to use, evim, gvim, vim. evim makes gvim behave like windows editors (note Ctrl+L gets you to vim Normal mode). If one just wants the windows key mappings from evim mode in gvim for e.g. you can use the following command: source $VIMRUNTIME/mswin.vim. Other alternatives if you're transitioning from windows ar
screen is a much under utilised program, which provides the following functionality: Remote terminal session management (detaching or sharing terminal sessions) unlimited windows (unlike the hardcoded number of Linux virtual consoles) scrollback buffer (not limited to video memory like Linux virtual consoles) copy/paste between windows notification of either activity or inactivity in a window spli
echo "mail -s 'get the train' P@draigBrady.com < /dev/null" | at 17:45
This is a linux command line reference for common operations. Examples marked with • are valid/safe to paste without modification into a terminal, so you may want to keep a terminal window open while reading this so you can cut & paste. This page is also available in pdf format. All these commands have been tested both on Fedora and Ubuntu. See also more linux commands.
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