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When a single-page application needs to fetch data from a remote source, it needs to do so while remaining responsive and providing feedback to the user during an often slow query. Five patterns help with this. Asynchronous State Handler wraps these queries with meta-queries for the state of the query. Parallel Data Fetching minimizes wait time. Fallback Markup specifies fallback displays in marku
Measuring developer productivity is a difficult challenge. Conventional metrics focused on development cycle time and throughput are limited, and there aren't obvious answers for where else to turn. Qualitative metrics offer a powerful way to measure and understand developer productivity using data derived from developers themselves. Organizations should prioritize measuring developer productivity
Improvements in communications technology have led an increasing number of teams that work in a Remote-First style, a trend that was boosted by the forced isolation of Covid-19 pandemic. But a team that operates remotely still benefits from face-to-face gatherings, and should do them every few months. Remote-first teams have everyone in a separate location, communicating entirely by email, chat, v
Regression bugs are newly appeared bugs in features of the software that have been around for a while. When hunting them, it usually valuable to figure out which change in the software caused them to appear. Looking at that change can give invaluable clues about where the bug is and how to squash it. There isn't a well-known term for this form of investigation, but I call it Diff Debugging. Diff d
A collection of articles on common problems startups face when scaling. Throughout Thoughtworks’ history, we’ve been partnering with startups to help them scale. We’ve worked with organizations at various stages in their development — from helping early-stage startups experiment, land on the right idea and create an MVP, to helping later-stage scaleups create the right technical platform and organ
Generative AI and particularly LLMs (Large Language Models) have exploded into the public consciousness. Like many software developers I am intrigued by the possibilities, but unsure what exactly it will mean for our profession in the long run. I have now taken on a role in Thoughtworks to coordinate our work on how this technology will affect software delivery practices. I'll be posting various m
Any large software effort, such as the software estate for a large company, requires a lot of people - and whenever you have a lot of people you have to figure out how to divide them into effective teams. Forming Business Capability Centric teams helps software efforts to be responsive to customers’ needs, but the range of skills required often overwhelms such teams. Team Topologies is a model for
Platform teams have a unique reliance on other teams to ensure adoption of their platform - getting code changes into other teams' codebase is critical to their success. There are a variety of patterns for that cross-team collaboration, and selecting the right ones depends on both the phase of platform adoption and the ability of both teams and codebases to accept external influence. 19 July 2023
Xu Hao uses chain of thought and general knowledge prompting with ChatGPT when writing self-testing code My account of an internal chat with Xu Hao, where he shows how he drives ChatGPT to produce useful self-tested code. His initial prompt primes the LLM with an implementation strategy (chain of thought prompting). His prompt also asks for an implementation plan rather than code (general knowledg
Established UI patterns are often underutilized in the frontend development world, despite their proven effectiveness in solving complex problems in UI design. This article explores the application of established UI building patterns to the React world, with a refactoring journey code example to showcase the benefits. The emphasis is placed on how layering architecture can help organize the React
I've been a heavy user of Twitter over the last decade, and while Musk's purchase of Twitter hasn't got me running for the exit, it has prompted me to take a look at possible alternatives should Twitter change into something no longer worthwhile for me. The obvious alternative is for me to explore the Fediverse with my new Mastodon account. As I explore using Mastodon, I'll make some notes here so
Pretty much all the practitioners I favor in Software Architecture are deeply suspicious of any kind of general law in the field. Good software architecture is very context-specific, analyzing trade-offs that resolve differently across a wide range of environments. But if there is one thing they all agree on, it's the importance and power of Conway's Law. Important enough to affect every system I'
Friction Between Product and Engineering; Lack of trust and collaboration slowing down product growth 19 October 2022 Richard is the North American Head of Modern Application and Platform Services for Thoughtworks with nearly 30 years of technology leadership experience Kennedy is the Head of Product and Design for Thoughtworks NA’s Central Market, where he helps clients understand how technology
I have the habit of creating Neologisms to describe the things I see in software development. It's a common habit amongst writers in this field, for software development still lacks much useful jargon. One of the problems with building a jargon is that terms are vulnerable to losing their meaning, in a process of semantic diffusion - to use yet another potential addition to our jargon. Semantic di
Accumulation of tech debt; experiments and shortcuts are core components 09 March 2022 Tim Cochran is a Technical Director for the US East Market at Thoughtworks. Tim has over 19 years of experience leading work across start-ups and large enterprises in various domains such as retail, financial services, and government. He advises organizations on technology strategy and making the right technolog
Infrastructure Platform teams enable organisations to scale delivery by solving common product and non-functional requirements with resilient solutions. This allows other teams to focus on building their own things and releasing value for their users. But nobody said building scalable platforms was easy... In this article Poppy and Chris explore 7 key principles which can help you build the right
A modern branching strategy Ship/Show/Ask is a branching strategy that combines the features of Pull Requests with the ability to keep shipping changes. Changes are categorized as either Ship (merge into mainline without review), Show (open a pull request for review, but merge into mainline immediately), or Ask (open a pull request for discussion before merging). 08 September 2021 Rouan is a softw
Pyramids, honeycombs, trophies, and the meaning of unit testing There's been a recent resurgence on twitter and the like about how teams should divide up their testing efforts. In particular, Tim Bray argues compellingly in favor of taking automated testing seriously. Anyone familiar with my writing will know that I'm very much in agreement with him. One of the points he raises in his post refers
Technology is constantly becoming smarter and more powerful. I often observe that as these technologies are introduced an organization’s productivity instead of improving has reduced. This is because the technology has increased complexities and cognitive overhead to the developer, reducing their effectiveness. In this article, the first of a series, I introduce a framework for maximizing develope
Distributed systems provide a particular challenge to program. They often require us to have multiple copies of data, which need to keep synchronized. Yet we cannot rely on processing nodes working reliably, and network delays can easily lead to inconsistencies. Despite this, many organizations rely on a range of core distributed software handling data storage, messaging, system management, and co
Secure software design, little and often This article provides clear and simple steps to help teams that want to adopt threat modelling. Threat modelling is a risk-based approach to designing secure systems. It is based on identifying threats in order to develop mitigations to them. With cyber security risk increasing and enterprises becoming more aware of their liabilities, software development t
Modern source-control systems provide powerful tools that make it easy to create branches in source code. But eventually these branches have to be merged back together, and many teams spend an inordinate amount of time coping with their tangled thicket of branches. There are several patterns that can allow teams to use branching effectively, concentrating around integrating the work of multiple de
During 2011-2012 there was a small but significant revolution in how we worked at Thoughtworks. When we needed to communicate while separated we used to do telephone meetings, but within a year the telephone disappeared and we started using video calls instead. As we got more comfortable with video, we took more opportunity to collaborate with video meetings rather than trying to get everyone toge
Teams are often reluctant to switch pairs, but what if we rotate pairs every day? We did an experiment with three teams and learned that pair swapping frequently greatly enhances the benefits of pairing. Here we share our experiment design so that others can experiment with rotation frequency. Rotating pairs means that after working together for some time, one half of the pair leaves the story, wh
In their ideal state, product-mode organizations are formed of loosely coupled, autonomous teams that respond rapidly to articulated and unarticulated user needs. On occasion however, opportunities arise that require a response involving coordination across multiple teams. If not managed effectively the outcome will result in missed revenue, unsatisfied customers and wasted team capacity. We refer
Software Testing Guide I grew up in the waterfall era, where testing was seen as a separate activity to programming, done by a different group of people, and carried out after programming was done. The shift towards iterative and agile approaches, particularly the influence of Extreme Programming, has changed the role of testing - raising its importance, and integrating it with the core developmen
In the software world, “waterfall” is commonly used to describe a style of software process, one that contrasts with the ideas of iterative, or agile styles. Like many well-known terms in software it's meaning is ill-defined and origins are obscure - but I find its essential theme is breaking down a large effort into phases based on activity. It's not clear how the word “waterfall” became so preva
Transaction Script Organizes business logic by procedures where each procedure handles a single request from the presentation. Most business applications can be thought of as a series of transactions. A transaction may view some information as organized in a particular way, another will make changes to it. Each interaction between a client system and a server system contains a certain amount of lo
Automating the end-to-end lifecycle of Machine Learning applications Machine Learning applications are becoming popular in our industry, however the process for developing, deploying, and continuously improving them is more complex compared to more traditional software, such as a web service or a mobile application. They are subject to change in three axis: the code itself, the model, and the data
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