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Everyone wants to be an expert. But what does that even mean? Over the years I’ve seen two types of people who are referred to as “experts.” Expert 1 is someone who knows every tool in the language and makes sure to use every bit of it, whether it helps or not. Expert 2 also knows every piece of syntax, but they’re pickier about what they employ to solve problems, considering a number of factors,
The future of web-based software architectures is already taking form, and this time it’s server-rendered (again). Papa’s got a brand new bag: HTML-over-WebSockets and broadcast everything all the time. The dual approach of marrying a Single Page App with an API service has left many dev teams mired in endless JSON wrangling and state discrepancy bugs across two layers. This costs dev time, slows
By the numbers, JavaScript is a performance liability. If the trend persists, the median page will be shipping at least 400 KB of it before too long, and that’s merely what’s transferred. Like other text-based resources, JavaScript is almost always served compressed—but that might be the only thing we’re getting consistently right in its delivery. Unfortunately, while reducing resource transfer ti
If you wish to learn more about how the cascade works, take a look at the official specification. CSS Object Model#section7 While we’ve done a lot up to this stage, we’re not done yet. Now we need to update the CSS Object Model (CSSOM). The CSSOM resides within document.stylesheets, we need to update it so that it represents everything that has been parsed and computed up to this point. Web develo
(Remember that ultimately even text must be translated to binary in the computer. Encoding—in this case ASCII encoding—defines that a binary value such as “01000100” means the letter “D,” as shown in the figure above.) Many possible encodings exist for text—it’s the browser’s job to figure out how to properly decode the text. The server should provide hints via Content-Type headers, and the leadin
There are a number of debates about which additional skills designers should learn. Should designers code, write, or understand business? These skills are incredibly valuable but perhaps not essential. However, I would argue that every designer should learn the fundamentals of psychology. As humans, we have an underlying “blueprint” for how we perceive and process the world around us, and the stud
Illustration by Dougal MacPherson
A little while back, there was a question posted to css-discuss: Is it possible to style the rows and columns of a [CSS] grid—the grid itself? I have an upcoming layout that uses what looks like a tic-tac-toe board—complete with the vertical and horizontal lines of said tic-tac-toe board—with text/icon in each grid cell. This is a question I expect to come up repeatedly, as more and more people st
A note from the editors: We’re pleased to share an excerpt from Chapter 3 (“Planning for Accessibility") of Laura Kalbag's new book, Accessibility for Everyone, available now from A Book Apart. Incorporating accessibility from the beginning is almost always easier, more effective, and less expensive than making accessibility improvements as a separate project. In fact, building accessibility into
It seems like ever since Frances Berriman coined the term “Progressive Web App” in an effort to describe a new class of website, there’s been a great deal of confusion over exactly what a Progressive Web App (PWA) is. Sure, her husband, Alex Russell, put together a handy guide to the characteristics of a PWA, and they have been the subject of reams of documentation, dozens of blog posts, and equal
Understanding and using CSS Grid is easier than you might expect. The day Grid support shipped in Firefox 52, I decided on the spur of the moment to convert the basic layout of my personal site to use Grid. And it was a fairly simple process—five minutes to write the grid styles, then 15-20 spent troubleshooting. Grid allows us to literally define column and row grid lines, and then attach element
A note from the editors: This article is part one of a two-part series exploring the new HTTP/2 protocol and using it responsibly. Be sure to read part two, Considering How We Use HTTP/2. With HTTP/2 ticking up steadily in use, it’s clear that there’s something to this long overdue update to the protocol. Implementing it, however, not only changes how websites are delivered to the user, it demands
With hundreds of frameworks and UI kits, we are now assembling all kinds of content blocks to make web pages. However, such modularity and versatility hasn’t been achieved on the web element level yet. Learning from Lego, we can push modular web design one step forward. Rethinking the status quo#section2 Modular atomic design has been around for a while. Conceptually, we all love it—web components
Here at An Event Apart (an A List Apart sibling) we recently refreshed the design of our “Why Should You Attend?” page, which had retained an older version of our site design and needed to be brought into alignment with the rest of the site. Along the way, we decided to enhance the page with some cutting-edge design techniques: non-rectangular float shapes and feature queries. To be clear, we didn
Consistent animation is crucial to both branding and UX. Interfaces obey laws of “design physics”; keeping animation consistent throughout an experience envelops users in an illusion of life, of reality. Animations that step out of line disrupt that flow and feel sloppy or jarring. But because animation sits squarely at the intersection of design, development, and UX, achieving consistency present
A note from the editors: We’re pleased to share an excerpt from Chapter 6 of Chris Coyiers’s new book, Practical SVG, available now from A Book Apart. You’ll probably want to exert some sizing control over any graphic you put on a website. Hey! You! Logo! You should be this size: <img src="logo.png" class="logo" /> .logo { width: 220px; height: 80px; } And so shall it be. But if the element you ar
Once your website or application goes past a small number of lines, it will inevitably contain bugs of some sort. This isn’t specific to JavaScript but is shared by nearly all languages—it’s very tricky, if not impossible, to thoroughly rule out the chance of any bugs in your application. However, that doesn’t mean we can’t take precautions by coding in a way that lessens our vulnerability to bugs
There’s a four-year story behind my current design process, something I introduced last year on A List Apart—“Object-Oriented UX.” The approach advocates designing objects before actions. Now it’s time to get into the deeper benefits of OOUX and the smooth transition it can set up while shifting from object-based system design to interaction design. The “metaphor,” once found, is a perfectly defin
As many of us move away from designing pages toward designing systems, one concept keeps cropping up: modularity. We often hear about the benefits of a modular approach; modules are scalable, replaceable, reusable, easy to test, quick to put together—“They’re just like LEGO!” Modularity might appear to be a simple concept at first, but making it work for your team demands significant effort and co
Have you seen Spotify’s end-of-year campaign? They’ve created a compelling visual aesthetic through image-color manipulation. Image manipulation is a powerful mechanism for making a project stand out from the crowd, or just adding a little sparkle—and web filters offer a dynamic and cascadable way of doing it in the browser. CSS vs. SVG#section2 Earlier this year, I launched CSSgram, a pure CSS li
Illustration by Dana Pavlichko
Illustration by Elliot Stokes
A note from the editors: We’re pleased to share an excerpt from Chapter 1 of Josh Clark's new book, Designing for Touch, available now from A Book Apart. Where do hands and fingers fall on the device? This question is the linchpin for every form factor this book examines, and the answer tells you how to design your layout for comfort and efficiency. Since we hold phones, phablets, tablets, and lap
In June 2012, while working at CNN.com, I was tasked with designing the user experience of election night. The next five months of my life would be dedicated to that single night—but success to me had nothing to do with who won. I was concerned with findability, data visualization, a shape-shifting canvas, and how the hell mouse-over flyouts were going to work on an iPhone. For the first time in h
Ever since Ethan Marcotte started talking about responsive web design in 2010, developers and designers have been scrambling to find ways to deal with the issue of responsive images. It’s a thorny problem because we’re serving the same website, with the same image sources, across a wide range of device widths. Do you want a blurry, pixelated image on a large display? Or do you want to load a huge
The first rule of content management systems is that you’re using the wrong one. Using WordPress? You’re a fifth-grader running a coloring-contest blog. Drupal? You should be using WordPress. An enterprise solution? You’re an open-source Judas. This is how it often feels, at least, if you hang around the rough parts of web-dev Twitter or loiter in blog comments. But the real first rule of content
If you’ve been paying attention to the CMS scene lately, you’ve probably heard the terms “headless” and “decoupled.” These terms describe websites and applications where the CMS is not used to render the actual site or application. For instance, it could be a website where the front-end is a JavaScript framework like AngularJS or React, and the CMS supplies the content via a JSON API. A List Apart
It’s no secret that a lot of people consider scrolljacking and parallax effects annoying and overused. But what if motion does more than just annoy you? What if it also makes you ill? That’s a reality that people with visually-triggered vestibular disorders have to deal with. As animated interfaces increasingly become the norm, more people have begun to notice that large-scale motion on screen can
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