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Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Using Data Classes in Python One new and exciting feature coming in Python 3.7 is the data class. A data class is a class typically containing mainly data, although there aren’t really any restrictions. It is created using the new @dataclass
Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Introduction to Git and GitHub for Python Developers Have you ever worked on a Python project that stopped working after you made a change here or a PEP-8 cleanup there, and you weren’t quite sure how to get it back? Version control systems c
Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Speech Recognition With Python Have you ever wondered how to add speech recognition to your Python project? If so, then keep reading! It’s easier than you might think. Far from a being a fad, the overwhelming success of speech-enabled product
In this tutorial you’ll learn advanced Python web automation techniques: using Selenium with a “headless” browser, exporting the scraped data to CSV files, and wrapping your scraping code in a Python class. Motivation: Tracking Listening Habits Suppose that you have been listening to music on bandcamp for a while now, and you find yourself wishing you could remember a song you heard a few months b
This post walks through the process of developing a CRUD-based RESTful API with Django and Django REST Framework, which is used for rapidly building RESTful APIs based on Django models. This application uses: Python v3.6.0 Django v1.11.0 Django REST Framework v3.6.2 Postgres v9.6.1 Psycopg2 v2.7.1 NOTE: Check out the third Real Python course for a more in-depth tutorial on Django REST Framework. O
In this tutorial, we will use Django Channels to create a real-time application that updates a list of users as they log in and out. With WebSockets (via Django Channels) managing the communication between the client and the server, whenever a user is authenticated, an event will be broadcasted to every other connected user. Each user’s screen will change automatically, without them having to relo
This tutorial takes a test-first approach to implementing token-based authentication in a Flask app using JSON Web Tokens (JWTs). Updates: 08/04/2017: Refactored route handler for the PyBites Challenge. Objectives By the end of this tutorial, you will be able to… Discuss the benefits of using JWTs versus sessions and cookies for authentication Implement user authentication with JWTs Blacklist user
The following is a soup to nuts walkthrough of how to set up and deploy a Django application, powered by Python 3, and PostgreSQL to Amazon Web Services (AWS) all while remaining sane. Tools/technologies used: Python v3.4.3 Django v1.9 Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, EC2, S3, and RDS EB CLI 3.x PostgreSQL Check out the Python 2 version of this article here. Updated 08/21/2016: Updated EB global configur
The following tutorial demonstrates how to test the use of an external API using Python mock objects. Integrating with a third-party application is a great way to extend the functionality of your product. However, the added value also comes with obstacles. You do not own the external library, which means that you cannot control the servers that host it, the code that comprises its logic, or the da
The slick hosted chat application Slack is all the rage this year. The tool’s adoption isn’t empty hype - it’s incredibly useful for communicating with and learning from fellow developers. For example, software developer communities such as DC Python, Dallas-Forth Worth Devs, and Denver Devs set up their own Slack channels. However, Slack wouldn’t be that useful if it was just a glorified AOL Inst
Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Working With Python Virtual Environments In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to work with Python’s venv module to create and manage separate virtual environments for your Python projects. Each environment can use different versions of package
Finding the right code editor for Python development can be tricky. Many developers explore numerous editors as they grow and learn. To choose the right code editor, you have to start by knowing which features are important to you. Then, you can try to find editors that have those features. One of the most feature-rich editors available is Emacs. Emacs started in the mid-1970s as a set of macro ex
It has come to my attention that somebody ‘round these parts has been preaching the gospel of Sublime Text 3. As the resident senior developer (err, old fogey), I feel it’s my duty to tell you about the only TRUE Python development environment you will ever need: VIM. That’s right. VIM is ubiquitous and fast, and it never crashes. It can also do just about anything! On the down side though, VIM ca
Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Creating Asynchronous Tasks With Celery and Django You’ve built a shiny Django app and want to release it to the public, but you’re worried about time-intensive tasks that are part of your app’s workflow. You don’t want your users to have a n
Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Python Decorators 101 In this tutorial on Python decorators, you’ll learn what they are and how to create and use them. Decorators provide a simple syntax for calling higher-order functions. By definition, a decorator is a function that takes
About a year ago I began a job where building command-line applications was a common occurrence. At that time I had used argparse quite a bit and wanted to explore what other options were available. I found that the most popular alternatives available were click and docopt. During my exploration I also found that other than each libraries “why use me” section there was not much available for a com
After a recent comparison of Python, Ruby, and Golang for a command-line application I decided to use the same pattern to compare building a simple web service. I have selected Flask (Python), Sinatra (Ruby), and Martini (Golang) for this comparison. Yes, there are many other options for web application libraries in each language but I felt these three lend well to comparison. Library Overviews He
In late 2014 I built a tool called pymr. I recently felt the need to learn golang and refresh my ruby knowledge so I decided to revisit the idea of pymr and build it in multiple languages. In this post I will break down the “mr” (merr) application (pymr, gomr, rumr) and present the implementation of specific pieces in each language. I will provide an overall personal preference at the end but will
This is a guest blog post from Chris Hart of Brandicted—a technologist from the great city of Montreal. This tutorial is meant for beginners. If you get stuck along the way, try to power through and it will probably click. If there’s anything you just don’t get or want some help with, email info@brandicted.com or leave a comment below. Intro Making an API can be a lot of work. Developers need to h
This post provides a solution to the question, “How do I handle user authentication with AngularJS and Flask?” Updates: 04/17/2016: Updated to the latest versions of Python (3.5.1) and AngularJS (1.4.10); added a section on persistent logins. Before beginning, keep in mind that this is not the only solution to the question at hand, and it may not even be the right solution for your situation. Rega
Docker is a containerization tool used for spinning up isolated, reproducible application environments. This piece details how to containerize a Django Project, Postgres, and Redis for local development along with delivering the stack to the cloud via Docker Compose and Docker Machine. In the end, the stack will include a separate container for each service: 1 web/Django container 1 nginx containe
Let’s build a command-line utility for quickly generating a Flask boilerplate structure. Modeled after the Flask-Skeleton project, this tool will automate a number of repetitive tasks so that you can quickly get a Flask project up and running with the structure, extensions, and configurations that you prefer, step by step: Set up the basic structure Add a custom config file Utilize Bower to manage
Docker is a powerful tool for spinning up isolated, reproducible application environment containers. This piece looks at just that—how to containerize a Flask app for local development along with delivering the application to a cloud hosting provider via Docker Compose and Docker Machine. Updates: 03/31/2019: Updated to the latest versions of Docker - Docker client (v18.09.2), Docker compose (v1.2
Let’s look at the small, yet powerful JavaScript UI library ReactJS in action, as we build a basic web application. This app is powered by Python 3 and the Flask framework in the back-end and React in the front. In addition, we will use gulp.js (task runner), bower (front-end package manager), and Browserify (JavaScript dependency bundler). Part 1 – Getting Started (current) Part 2 – Developing a
Last time we implemented a basic web scraper that downloaded the latest questions from StackOverflow and stored the results in MongoDB. In this article we’ll extend our scraper so that it crawls through the pagination links at the bottom of each page and scrapes the questions (question title and URL) from each page. Updates: 09/06/2015 - Updated to the latest version of Scrapy (v1.0.3) and PyMongo
There’s an amazing amount of data available on the Web. Many web services, like YouTube and GitHub, make their data accessible to third-party applications through an application programming interface (API). One of the most popular ways to build APIs is the REST architecture style. Python provides some great tools not only to get data from REST APIs but also to build your own Python REST APIs. In t
In this article we’re going to build a scraper for an actual freelance gig where the client wants a Python program to scrape data from Stack Overflow to grab new questions (question title and URL). Scraped data should then be stored in MongoDB. It’s worth noting that Stack Overflow has an API, which can be used to access the exact same data. However, the client wanted a scraper, so a scraper is wh
The following is a soup to nuts walkthrough of how to set up and deploy a Django application to Amazon Web Services (AWS) all while remaining sane. Tools/technologies used: Python v2.7.8 Django v1.7 Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, EC2, S3, and RDS EB CLI 3.x PostgreSQL Now with Python 3! Check out the updated version of this article here. This article has been updated to cover deploying with Python 3 be
The following is a collaboration piece between Bobby Grayson, a software developer at Ahalogy, and Real Python. Why Use Python for OCR? OCR (Optical Character Recognition) has become a common Python tool. With the advent of libraries such as Tesseract and Ocrad, more and more developers are building libraries and bots that use OCR in novel, interesting ways. A trivial example is a basic OCR tool u
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