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“Do things that don’t scale.” That YCombinator mantra may be the single most common piece of advice given to early-stage tech startups. And with good reason – it’s great advice! But if you follow it, with a little luck you’ll reach a point where it no longer applies (at least on a technical level). Of course, “Do things that don’t scale” is advice about how to grow an early-stage startup, not advi
We recently announced general availability (GA) for Serverless, with support for change data capture (CDC), backup and restore, and a 99.99% uptime SLA. Read on to learn how CockroachDB Serverless works from the inside out, and why we can give it away for free – not free for some limited period, but free. It required some significant and fascinating engineering to get us there. I think you’ll enjo
With millions of customers to serve, a major cable company needed to build a virtual customer support agent to scale their customer requests. The app had to provide 24/7 help to users across the United States, and store metadata about customer conversations. The first version of the application was built on Amazon Aurora, in a single cloud region on the east coast of the United States. However, th
The 2021 Cloud Report stands on benchmarks. Now in its third year, our report is more precise than ever, capturing an evaluation of Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure (Azure), and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) that tells realistic and universal performance stories on behalf of mission-critical OLTP applications. Our intention is to help our customers and any builder of OLTP applications unde
Introducing Pebble: A RocksDB-inspired key-value store written in Go Since its inception, CockroachDB has relied on RocksDB as its key-value storage engine. The choice of RocksDB has served us well. RocksDB is battle tested, highly performant, and comes with a rich feature set. We’re big fans of RocksDB and we frequently sing its praises when asked why we didn’t choose another storage engine. Toda
This blog post was originally published on the author's personal blog. OverviewI built some tooling to extract details about the contents of a Go executable file, and a small D3 application to visualize this information interactively as zoomable tree maps. Here’s a static screenshot of how the app illustrates the size of the compiled code, in this example for a group modules in CockroachDB: The re
[THE 2021 CLOUD REPORT IS AVAILABLE. READ IT HERE] Since 2017, Cockroach Labs has run thousands of benchmark tests across dozens of machine types with the goal of better understanding performance across cloud providers. If there’s one thing we’ve learned in our experiments, it’s this: benchmarking the clouds is a continuous process. Since results fluctuate as the clouds adopt new hardware, it’s im
*Note: this post originally ran in 2020, at the very beginning of our managed service/multi-tenant engineering journey. If you want an update on what kind of deployment models CockroachDB offers and what our current capabilities are check out our latest release blog. There’s this really fun game I like to play. You get a bunch of SREs in a room and you see how quickly you can rile them up. Here ar
CockroachDB was conceived of as open source software. In the years since it first appeared on GitHub, we’ve tread a relatively typical path in balancing open source with creating a viable business. We’ve kept our core code under the Apache License version 2 (APL), launched a managed service, and gated some features for established companies under an enterprise license. But our past outlook on the
In September of 2020 we introduced our own homecooked replacement for RocksDB - a storage engine called Pebble. You can read about our reasons for the switch in this blog. We have tremendous respect and appreciation for RocksDB and continue to recommend it. … If, on a final exam at a database class, you asked students whether to build a database on a log-structured merge tree (LSM) or a BTree-base
This post was originally published in 2018 by former CockroachDB engineer Matt Jibson, who owns goats and makes his own soap. It’s one of the most popular blogs we’ve ever published so we wanted to get it back up on the site for a new crop of blog readers. What is sqlfmt?sqlfmt is an online SQL formatter. It is pronounced sequel fumpt. Its purpose is to beautifully format SQL statements. I built s
Over the past year, Kubernetes––also known as K8s––has become a dominant topic of conversation in the infrastructure world. Given its pedigree of literally working at Google-scale, it makes sense that people want to bring that kind of power to their DevOps stories; container orchestration turns many tedious and complex tasks into something as simple as a declarative config file. The rise of orches
CockroachDB debuted as the open source database that made it possible to build massive, reliable cloud applications without giving up SQL. Forward-thinking companies adopted it to hide the complexity of dealing with distributed scale, resilience, and consistency problems in the database layer. The promise was simple: keep your apps simple and your pagers silent. Over the last six months, we’ve wel
[For CockroachDB's most up-to-date performance benchmarks, please read our Performance Overview page] Correctness, stability, and performance are the foundations of CockroachDB. We've invested tremendous resources into correctness and stability. Today, performance takes the spotlight as we will be publishing benchmarked metrics that demonstrate that you can achieve correctness, stability, and exce
Parallel Commits: An atomic commit protocol for globally distributed transactions Distributed ACID transactions form the beating heart of CockroachDB. They allow users to manipulate any and all of their data transactionally, no matter where it physically resides. Distributed transactions are so important to CockroachDB’s goal to “Make Data Easy” that we spend a lot of time thinking about how to ma
Today, we are thrilled to announce the release of CockroachDB 1.1. We’ve spent the last five months incorporating feedback from our customers and community, and making improvements that will help even more teams move to CockroachDB. We are also excited to share success stories from a few of our customers. Baidu, one the world’s largest internet companies, shares how they are using CockroachDB to a
Today, we are pleased to announce the release of CockroachDB 1.0, the first open source, cloud-native SQL database. We’re also announcing a series B fundraise from investors who share our vision. The launch of 1.0 marks our graduation from beta to a production-ready database, designed to power business at any scale from the startup to the enterprise. A brief introduction is in order. While databas
In August, we published a blog post entitled “Why Can’t I Run a 100-Node CockroachDB Cluster?”. The post outlined difficulties we encountered stabilizing CockroachDB. CockroachDB stability (or the lack of) had become significant enough that we designated it a “code yellow” issue, a concept borrowed from Google that means a problem is so pressing that it merits promotion to a primary concern of the
Reading time: 9 minutes Writing good tests is tricky when the system has a lot of moving parts. When using Go’s testing infrastructure, tests that involve multiple modules can cause dependency cycles which are not allowed by the compiler. In this post we will go over a technique we devised to break these dependency cycles. BackgroundThe CockroachDB Go code base is split up into various packages; s
[As of February 23, 2017, CockroachDB Beta Passed Jespen Testing] We at Cockroach Labs absolutely love Aphyr’s work. We are avid readers of the Jepsen series – which some know as a high quality review of the correctness and consistency claims of modern database systems, but which we really know as “Aphyr’s hunting tales about the highest profile bugs in our industry.” Most of us read each new blog
Living without atomic clocks: Where CockroachDB and Spanner diverge The design of CockroachDB is based on Google’s Spanner data storage system. One of the most surprising and inspired facets of Spanner is its use of atomic clocks and GPS clocks to give participating nodes really accurate wall time synchronization. The designers of Spanner call this “TrueTime”, and it provides a tight bound on cloc
Cgo is a pretty important part of Go: It’s your window to calling anything that isn’t Go (or, more precisely, anything that has C bindings). For CockroachDB, cgo lets us delegate a lot of the heavy lifting at the storage layer to RocksDB, for which no suitable replacement within the Go ecosystem exists, at least to the best of our knowledge. After some iterations, we’ve found that the right way to
After publishing \\[a post about why we chose Go for CockroachDB](https://www.cockroachlabs.com/blog/why-go-was-the-right-choice-for-cockroachdb/), we received questions about how we deal with some of Go’s known issues — especially those related to performance, garbage collection, and deadlocks. In this post, we’ll share a few powerful optimizations that mitigate many of the performance problems c
This post was originally published on November 3, 2015, the year Cockroach Labs was founded. Eight years and 85,670 GitHub commits later, it’s still absolutely true: Go was the “write stuff” for CockroachDB. The first question many developers ask us is what our experience has been writing a distributed database in Go, a garbage-collected language. JVM garbage collection is notoriously expensive, s
How CockroachDB does distributed, atomic transactions Editor's Note - April 23, 2021: This article was written in 2015 when CockroachDB was pre-beta. The product has evolved significantly since then. We will be updating this post to reflect the current status of CockroachDB. In the meantime, the transaction section of the Architecture Document provides a more current description of CockroachDB's t
In CockroachDB, we use the Raft consensus algorithm to ensure that your data remains consistent even when machines fail. In most systems that use Raft, such as etcd and Consul, the entire system is one Raft consensus group. In CockroachDB, however, the data is divided into ranges, each with its own consensus group. This means that each node may be participating in hundreds of thousands of consensu
Databases are the beating heart of every business in the world, running the gamut from humble spreadsheets to thousands of servers linked into vast supercomputers. And they’ve been evolving rapidly. Most of us at Cockroach Labs have spent our careers watching them progress, often actively struggling to overcome their limitations when the task at hand outstripped their capabilities. But first, why
Scale to meet demandDatabase bottlenecks stifle business performance and growth. CockroachDB removes the complexity of manual sharding and scales horizontally as workload volumes increase. SQL that scales horizontallyA distributed system that feels like a single, logical database. Save time by eliminating the need to create and maintain separate database shards. Scale reads, writes, and database c
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