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By Ilya Grigorik on September 12, 2012 The use of web fonts is surging. Just over the last year, the use of web fonts has doubled from ~6% to over ~12% according to the HTTP Archive. In the same time, Google Web Fonts has seen a 10x in the amount of requests, recently crossing 1B font views per day across 100M+ web pages. And there are no signs of slowdown in the adoption. Historically, web fonts
By Ilya Grigorik on August 28, 2012 When it comes to analyzing page performance, the network waterfall tab of your favorite HTTP monitoring tool (e.g. Chrome Dev Tools, Firebug, Fiddler, etc) is arguably the single most useful power tool at our disposal. Now, wouldn't it be nice if we could export the waterfall for better bug reports, performance monitoring, or later in-depth analysis? Well, good
By Ilya Grigorik on July 19, 2012 If we want a faster browsing experience then reducing the round trip time (RTT) should be near the top of our list. Or, as Mike Belshe put it: more bandwidth doesn't matter (much). Now, let's be clear, higher bandwidth is never a bad thing, especially for use cases that require bulk transfer of data: video streaming, large downloads, and so on. However, when it co
By Ilya Grigorik on June 25, 2012 One of the unique features of Google Chrome is the built-in support for SSL-based proxies. Although HTTP proxies can tunnel SSL, the initial connection to the proxy is done in plain text, which allows an intruder to eavesdrop on the hosts you are navigating to. Historically, to address this limitation we have had to rely on additional client-side software to creat
By Ilya Grigorik on June 14, 2012 Responsive design is our best answer today to the explosion and the variety of the different screen sizes on which online content is consumed: smartphone resolutions vary widely, landscape and touch orientations, different pixel densities, and so forth. CSS3 media queries allow the browser to alter the presentation of the page based on all of the above attributes
By Ilya Grigorik on June 04, 2012 When you think about browser performance the JavaScript VM wars is the first thing that comes to mind. Arguably rightfully so, since we are building far richer and more ambitious client-side apps in the browser. In fact, according to HTTP Archive the average page has nearly doubled the amount of JavaScript code just in the past year (up to 194kB). However, during
Tools, tips, and tricks to help measure and optimize user-perceived page performance.
By Ilya Grigorik on May 14, 2012 Whenever the point I'm trying to make lacks clarity, I often find myself trying to dress it up: fade in the points, slide in the chart, make prettier graphics. It is a great tell when you catch yourself doing it. Conversely, I have yet to see a presentation or a slide that could not have been made better by stripping the unnecessary visual dressing. Simple slides r
Tips from the Google trenches on leveraging Navigation Timing, Google Analytics, PageSpeed, webpagetest.org, and other tools to speed performance of your site.
By Ilya Grigorik on April 09, 2012 Instrumenting a browser is not for the faint of heart: half a dozen of different API's, different IPC mechanisms, and different capabilities from each vendor. Projects like WebDriver try to abstract this complexity for us, and you can also find dozens other "headless" drivers leveraging WebKit or similar engines. There is now even a W3C WebDriver spec in the work
By Ilya Grigorik on February 06, 2012 If Protocol Buffers is the lingua franca of individual data record at Google, then the Sorted String Table (SSTable) is one of the most popular outputs for storing, processing, and exchanging datasets. As the name itself implies, an SSTable is a simple abstraction to efficiently store large numbers of key-value pairs while optimizing for high throughput, seque
By Ilya Grigorik on January 18, 2012 The web is evolving. After a few years of iteration the WebSockets spec is finally here (RFC 6455), and as of late 2011 both Chrome and Firefox are SPDY capable. These additions are much more than just "enhancing AJAX", as we now have true real-time communication in the browser: stream multiplexing, flow control, framing, and significant latency and performance
By Ilya Grigorik on December 19, 2011 You've run into a problem, or you have an itch to scratch, so you fire up the editor and dive right in. On a good occasion the patch is simple, so you pat yourself on the back, fire off a pull request and sit back and watch - even though it is a simple patch, past experience shows that often you will have to incorporate some feedback before it will be merged u
By Ilya Grigorik on October 04, 2011 The last major update to the HTTP spec dates back to 1999, at which time RFC 2616 standardized HTTP 1.1 and introduced the much needed keep-alive and pipelining support. Whereas HTTP 1.0 required strict "single request per connection" model, HTTP 1.1 reversed this behavior: by default, an HTTP 1.1 client and server keep the connection open, unless the client in
By Ilya Grigorik on August 26, 2011 Server-Sent Events (SSE) have long been in the shadow of the much more often talked about WebSockets API. While WebSockets can be thought of as the "TCP for the web", then SSE is best described as the "HTML5 replacement for Comet)". Question is, do we really need both? WebSockets allow bi-directional communication and to do so, they piggyback on the original HTT
By Ilya Grigorik on August 01, 2011 Perhaps one of the first inescapable observations that a new Google developer (Noogler) makes once they dive into the code is that Protocol Buffers (PB) is the "language of data" at Google. Put simply, Protocol Buffers are used for serialization, RPC, and about everything in between. Initially developed in early 2000's as an optimized server request/response pro
By Ilya Grigorik on June 25, 2011 Minimizing UI latency is critical for creating a positive user experience - this is true both on the desktop and on the web. A best practice for a "native app" is to decouple the UI and control threads to avoid blocking on any long-running tasks. On the web, things are a lot trickier: our Javascript runtimes are all single-threaded, we can't just spin up an extra
By Ilya Grigorik on May 27, 2011 The growth of both the types and the amount of data generated by servers, users, and applications have resulted in a number of recent trends and innovations: NoSQL, rise of popularity of Hadoop, and dozens of higher-level map-reduce frameworks. However, the batch-processing model imposed by map-reduce style of processing is not always a great fit either, especially
By Ilya Grigorik on April 14, 2011 Platform as a Service (PaaS) is not a trivial thing to build, deploy, or maintain: first you have to orchestrate all the services internally, then you have abstract all of that work behind a facade, and finally, you have to market, sell it, and maintain it. Not surprisingly, an investment that large has been the domain of only a few well-funded companies. Hence,
By Ilya Grigorik on April 07, 2011 Tim Berners-Lee rightfully deserves all the credit for his early work around URI, HTTP and HTML. His efforts ultimately led to the official HTTP 1.0 (RFC 1945) specification in 1996, the HTTP 1.1 proposal (RFC 2068) in 1997 and consequently the official HTTP 1.1 spec (RFC 2616) in 1999. The web as we know it wouldn't exist without these protocols. However, more t
By Ilya Grigorik on March 24, 2011 Detecting and dealing with duplicates is a common problem: sometimes we want to avoid performing an operation based on this knowledge, and at other times, like in a case of a database, we want may want to only permit an operation based on a hit in the filter (ex: skip disk access on a cache miss). How do we build a system to solve the problem? The solution will d
By Ilya Grigorik on March 08, 2011 There are easily half a dozen of factors you need to consider when picking an app server: the choice of the VM, implementation model, performance and memory usage, driver and library availability, community support, and so forth. In other words, it is a complex set of requirements, and no one solution is likely to meet all of them. Not surprisingly, the Ruby ecos
By Ilya Grigorik on February 03, 2011 Ruby 1.9 packs in a lot of new and improved features at all levels: it introduces a few new syntax constructs, the built-in libraries have been updated with hundreds of new methods and classes, it adds language level support for characters encodings, it ships with an entirely new virtual machine, and the list goes on. If you haven't already, you should serious
By Ilya Grigorik on January 14, 2011 The end of an architectural era, time for a complete rewrite? Is it really the case that by attempting to be a "one size fits all", the RDBMS "systems of the past" excel at nothing? The Cambrian explosion of alternative database engines certainly lends some credibility to that view. However, amidst all the hype, it is also easy to overlook the fundamentals: nor
By Ilya Grigorik on December 14, 2010 Programmer productivity and fun are both core design goals behind the Ruby language. Matz has always placed high emphasis on both in his interviews, and by all accounts, his philosophy and the uptake of Ruby are clear indicators of success – language designers take note, design for humans, not machines! First shipped in December of 1995 (version 0.95) Ruby has
By Ilya Grigorik on December 02, 2010 The world of concurrent computation is a complicated one. We have to think about the hardware, the runtime, and even choose between half a dozen different models and primitives: fork/wait, threads, shared memory, message passing, semaphores, and transactions just to name a few. Hence, not surprisingly, when Bruce Tate asked Matz, in an interview for his recent
By Ilya Grigorik on November 17, 2010 ZeroMQ sockets provide message-oriented messaging, support for multiple transports, transparent setup and teardown, and an entire array of routing patterns via different socket types - see quick refresher on ZeroMQ. The combination of these features, as well as the fact that we can bind or connect a single socket to multiple endpoints is what makes ZeroMQ "top
By Ilya Grigorik on October 22, 2010 If you have ever had the need to add full-text indexing or search capability to one of your projects, chances are you will be familiar with Apache Lucene or one of its many derivatives such as PyLucene, Lucene.NET, Ferret (Ruby), or Lucy (C port). With history dating back to the early 2000's, Lucene has become one of the most feature complete information retrie
By Ilya Grigorik on September 03, 2010 Berkeley Sockets (BSD) are the de facto API for all network communication. With roots from the early 1980's, it is the original implementation of the TCP/IP suite, and arguably one of the most widely supported and critical components of any operating system today. BSD sockets that most of us are familiar with are peer-to-peer connections, which require explic
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