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PyScript is a brand-new framework that caused a lot of excitement when Peter Wang, the CEO and co-founder of Anaconda, Inc., revealed it during his keynote speech at PyCon US 2022. Although this project is just an experiment in an early phase of development, people on social media seem to have already fallen in love with it. This tutorial will get you up to speed with PyScript, while the official

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Cool New Features in Python 3.9 Python 3.9 is here! Volunteers from all over the world have been working on improvements to Python for the past year. While beta versions have been available for some time, the first official version of Python

The newest version of Python is released! Python 3.8 has been available in beta versions since the summer, but on October 14th, 2019 the first official version is ready. Now, we can all start playing with the new features and benefit from the latest improvements. What does Python 3.8 bring to the table? The documentation gives a good overview of the new features. However, this article will go more

Are there certain parts of Python that just seem magic? Like how are dictionaries so much faster than looping over a list to find an item. How does a generator remember the state of the variables each time it yields a value and why do you never have to allocate memory like other languages? It turns out, CPython, the most popular Python runtime is written in human-readable C and Python code. This t

You’ve probably seen the option for Google Login on various websites. Some sites also have more options like Facebook Login or GitHub Login. All these options allow users to utilize existing accounts to use a new service. In this article, you’ll work through the creation of a Flask web application. Your application will allow a user to log in using their Google identity instead of creating a new a

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Pointers and Objects in Python If you’ve ever worked with lower level languages like C or C++, then you’ve probably heard of pointers. Pointers allow you to create great efficiency in parts of your code. They also cause confusion for beginner

Concurrency refers to the ability of a program to manage multiple tasks at once, improving performance and responsiveness. It encompasses different models like threading, asynchronous tasks, and multiprocessing, each offering unique benefits and trade-offs. In Python, threads and asynchronous tasks facilitate concurrency on a single processor, while multiprocessing allows for true parallelism by u

Python threading allows you to have different parts of your program run concurrently and can simplify your design. If you’ve got some experience in Python and want to speed up your program using threads, then this tutorial is for you! In this article, you’ll learn: What threads are How to create threads and wait for them to finish How to use a ThreadPoolExecutor How to avoid race conditions How to

One of the coolest code editors available to programmers, Visual Studio Code, is an open-source, extensible, light-weight editor available on all platforms. It’s these qualities that make Visual Studio Code from Microsoft very popular, and a great platform for Python development. In this article, you’ll learn about Python development in Visual Studio Code, including how to: Install Visual Studio C

Python has several built-in modules and functions for handling files. These functions are spread out over several modules such as os, os.path, shutil, and pathlib, to name a few. This article gathers in one place many of the functions you need to know in order to perform the most common operations on files in Python. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to: Retrieve file properties Create directorie

Python’s asyncio library enables you to write concurrent code using the async and await keywords. The core building blocks of async I/O in Python are awaitable objects—most often coroutines—that an event loop schedules and executes asynchronously. This programming model lets you efficiently manage multiple I/O-bound tasks within a single thread of execution. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how Pyth

String formatting is essential in Python for creating dynamic and well-structured text by inserting values into strings. This tutorial covers various methods, including f-strings, the .format() method, and the modulo operator (%). Each method has unique features and benefits for different use cases. The string formatting mini-language provides additional control over the output format, allowing fo

Python f-strings offer a concise and efficient way to interpolate variables, objects, and expressions directly into strings. By prefixing a string with f or F, you can embed expressions within curly braces ({}), which are evaluated at runtime. This makes f-strings faster and more readable compared to older approaches like the modulo (%) operator or the string .format() method. Additionally, f-stri

When writing code on your own, the only priority is making it work. However, working in a team of professional software developers brings a plethora of challenges. One of those challenges is coordinating many people working on the same code. How do professional teams make dozens of changes per day while making sure everyone is coordinated and nothing is broken? Enter continuous integration! In thi

From Data to Visualization Building a visualization with Bokeh involves the following steps: Prepare the data Determine where the visualization will be rendered Set up the figure(s) Connect to and draw your data Organize the layout Preview and save your beautiful data creation Let’s explore each step in more detail. Prepare the Data Any good data visualization starts with—you guessed it—data. If y

Ever wonder how Python handles your data behind the scenes? How are your variables stored in memory? When do they get deleted? In this article, we’re going to do a deep dive into the internals of Python to understand how it handles memory management. By the end of this article, you’ll: Learn more about low-level computing, specifically as relates to memory Understand how Python abstracts lower-lev

Imagine you could know the mood of the people on the Internet. Maybe you are not interested in its entirety, but only if people are today happy on your favorite social media platform. After this tutorial, you’ll be equipped to do this. While doing this, you will get a grasp of current advancements of (deep) neural networks and how they can be applied to text. Reading the mood from text with machin

For the past three years, I’ve had the privilege of attending the Python Conference (PyCon) in the United States. PyCon US is a yearly event where Pythonistas get together to talk and learn about Python. It’s a great place to learn, meet new fellow Python devs, and get some seriously cool swag. The first time I attended, I quickly realized that it was more a community event than a typical conferen

Logging in Python lets you record important information about your program’s execution. You use the built-in logging module to capture logs, which provide insights into application flow, errors, and usage patterns. With Python logging, you can create and configure loggers, set log levels, and format log messages without installing additional packages. You can also generate log files to store recor

In this article, we highlight the best books for learning Python through a collection of book reviews. Each review gives you a taste of the book, the topics covered, and the context used to illustrate those topics. Different books will resonate with different people, depending on the style and presentation of the books, the readers’ backgrounds, as well as other factors. Python is an amazing progr

pandas is a foundational library for analytics, data processing, and data science. It’s a huge project with tons of optionality and depth. This tutorial will cover some lesser-used but idiomatic pandas capabilities that lend your code better readability, versatility, and speed, à la the Buzzfeed listicle. If you feel comfortable with the core concepts of Python’s pandas library, hopefully you’ll f

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Programming Sockets in Python Socket programming is essential for network communication, enabling data exchange across different devices. In Python, sockets allow for inter-process communication (IPC) over networks. This tutorial provides a c

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Documenting Code in Python Welcome to your complete guide to documenting Python code. Whether you’re documenting a small script or a large project, whether you’re a beginner or a seasoned Pythonista, this guide will cover everything you need

Fast, Flexible, Easy and Intuitive: How to Speed Up Your pandas Projects If you work with big data sets, you probably remember the “aha” moment along your Python journey when you discovered the pandas library. pandas is a game changer for data science and analytics, particularly if you came to Python because you were searching for something more powerful than Excel and VBA. So what is it about pan

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Structuring a Python Application Python, though opinionated on syntax and style, is surprisingly flexible when it comes to structuring your applications. On the one hand, this flexibility is great: it allows different use cases to use structu

A Python dataclass lets you define classes for storing data with less boilerplate. Use @dataclass to generate .__init__(), .__repr__(), and .__eq__() automatically. Dataclasses allow you to create classes quickly, but you can also add defaults, custom methods, ordering, immutability, inheritance, and even slots. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: Mutable defaults use field(defaul

Have you ever worked on a Python project that stopped working after you made a change here or a PEP-8 cleanup there, and you weren’t quite sure how to get it back? Version control systems can help you solve that problem and other related ones. Git is one of the most popular version control systems today. In this tutorial, I’ll walk you through what Git is, how to use it for your personal projects,

Have you ever wondered how to add speech recognition to your Python project? If so, then keep reading! It’s easier than you might think. Far from a being a fad, the overwhelming success of speech-enabled products like Amazon Alexa has proven that some degree of speech support will be an essential aspect of household tech for the foreseeable future. If you think about it, the reasons why are pretty